Urban deprivation is one of the characteristics of large cities in all parts of the world

The inner city areas of many Global cities have an image of decay with poverty, pollution, crime, overcrowding, poor housing conditions and unemployment. Such problems are more prevalent in inner-city areas than in other areas of the city. Deprivation has been caused by old industries closing down and increasing the unemployment levels which are not tackled due to the old workers not being skilled enough to work in these new factories or line of jobs. This happens more in MEDC's compared to LEDC's where overpopulation and urbanization have cause the problems in the inner city. Counterurbanization has been another problem within MEDC's as it has left houses derelict and the people would rather commute than live in the inner city. This has then led to out of town shopping centers being set up. In MEDC's the inner city initiatives for reversing the decline of the inner city started back in 1945 with comprehensive redevelopment. This program involved large-scale clearance of old terraces in order to provide space for new housing and inner city environmental features. Over twenty years 1. 5 million properties wee knocked down in the inner city. Elswick and Kenton in Newcastle were two areas embarked for comprehensive redevelopment. Existing residents were moved either into new towns of Cramlington or to extensive council houses estates built in areas such as, Byker. Many local authorities followed identical planning and soon the landscape of the inner city was transformed with huge concrete and glass tower blocks separated by flat expanses of grass. At the time these high-rise flats were a great success architecturally however the policy failed due to redevelopment underachieving demolition. This gave a housing shortage and vast spaces of derelict land. This policy that lasted till 1967 also failed to tackle the social and economic problems. 1968 saw another scheme come into action; the Urban Aid programme gave grants to local authorities to expand services in deprived areas and to establish community development projects using self help. This scheme was a great deal more localized and it was unfortunate that the economic downturn limited the funds and therefore by 1977 the scheme had finished. The next year the new towns policy was abandoned in an effort to stop decentralization of people and businesses. For the first time inner cities were officially declared problem areas. In 1988 Margaret Thatcher introduced the â€Å"Action for cities† policy. From 1991 onwards-Local authorities were able to bid for funds for specific urban projects. An example is Sunderland; the money was used to redesign parts of the city center with a new shopping precinct. And bus station. A single government department, the end of the 1990's had created the Urban Regeneration Agency. In Greater Manchester 4. 5 hectares of the city were destroyed with 30,000 homes left damaged form the bombing of World War II. By the end of the war 70,000 homes were deemed unfit for living mostly in the high density Victorian inner center. The plan for Manchester was launched in 1945 with the aim of clearing all Victorian housing. Following the repair of the war the Manchester Slum Clearance Programme restarted in 1954. Over five years 7500 properties were demolished mostly in the Miles Platting area. In 1961 the policy of comprehensive development took place with the clearance programme expanding in four main areas: Hulme, Beswick, Longsight and Harpurhey. Over 55,00 new houses, a mixture of low and high rise were built to replaced the cleared terraces reducing the housing density and population by up to 50% in some areas. The Hulme area was a typical Victorian area of Manchester and was tightly packed with terraces. Conditions were overcrowded and polluted with few housing having toilets. After the demolition of the terraces, shopping facilities were introduced in three areas. By 1972 the redevelopment of Hulme was completed with 5,000 new houses being built. Problems did arise with new properties leaking and then the heating bills were too high for the residents and many found the accommodation inappropriate. This area fell into a spiral of decline with growing unemployment, drugs and violence along with eh deteriorating environment. The Hulme city challenge was launched in 1992. This plan involved building of 3000 new homes, shops, roads, offices and community facilities to replace existing properties in a 60-hectare area. The funds of i200 million came from the government, local authority and private finance. Manchester faced other problems form the closure of the nineteenth century industries that left 24,000 jobs unavailable between 1974 and 1984. Plans included 2000 new houses and 375,000 square meters of industrial and commercial floor space to provide 10,000 jobs. In 1988 central Manchester was given n UDC to regenerate 200 hectares of land and buildings in the southern part of the city center. This area included six conservation areas, over ninety listed buildings, three universities, the Granada Studios Tour and the Museum of Science and Industry. However these were the areas of contaminated land, derelict warehouses, mills and canals. The IDC ended in 1996 and in the eight years of operation invested i420 million. Urban deprivation in the LEDC's have been tackled in many ways however there have been schemes that have proven to be a lot more successful than the others. In Chennai there has been a rapid increase in population due to the rural to urban migration and the high birth rates. About one third of the population lives in the slums, mostly shantytowns. The planning solutions began with the building of four to six storey blocks however these largely failed due to high maintenance and lack of uptake as the tenants would be unable to afford the rent. If the rent were reduced the scheme would lose money. After this initial failure The Board took up a new idea of upgrading the slums. The aims set were providing one bath and one toilet per ten families; one public fountain per twenty families; one street light per forty meters of road and one pre school per two hundred families. Other initiatives required self-help financing after an initial investment had been made either by the World Bank or welfare organizations. These schemes encouraged greater community involvement. Some of the start up loans were gave to families to build their own homes. Site and service schemes were implemented with finance provided for the acquisition of land; purchase of building materials, road building and the provision of basic services such as, water and sewage. New owners were then responsible for building the property on their allocated land. The upgrading after that often led to the sale of homes to higher income groups. The generated some money for the poor families and allowed the Board to re-invest in new schemes. An area in the southern outskirts of Chennai was the location for a site and services scheme known as Velacheri. It provided fourteen hectares of land to house 2,640 families many of whom were being forced out of Chennai. Waiting for the new residents building their homes would have caused a delayed the rail building so contractors were used to begin the building of properties. Along with the roads, water supply, streetlights and many other services. These services did face problems with many being left unfinished and extra floors being added without regulation. Some families sold their home for profit and the poorest were unable to afford these houses. These are some example of the initiatives being taken in order to solve the problem of urban deprivation. However there have been many other schemes and one of the most successful was that of the Favelas in Brazil redevelopment that won several prizes such as, the famous Habitat Award from the United Nations. These have been more successful as it didn't break up the families and kept the community spirit and the families could continue to access their place of employment. The similarities between the initiatives of the MEDC and LEDC worlds that have been undertaken for there reduction of urban deprivation are not all that similar. This is due to the fact that the MEDC's have more finance so there are able to use other schemes to tackle their problems. Also the fact that the problems they face are of a different cause. In the LEDC's it tends to be shanty towns are therefore have to look to house these people unlike the MEDC it not so overcrowding but unemployment due to the decline of the Industrial Revolution and recently Counterurbanization has left old Victorian buildings derelict and an eye-saw.

Facebook Brings More Good Than Harm

Stress is the body natural response to the changes which occurs in live. Stress is the combination of psychological,physiological and behavioral reaction. Stresss can be good or bad. Stress can affect both your body and your mind. Stress occurs when an individual is confronted by a situation that they perceive as overwhelming and cannot cope up with. The effect of stress is health problem,impact on students academic performance and changes in personal behavior. Firstly,effect of stress can lead to health problem. It can cause headaches, nausea, rise in blood pressure, pains in the chest, and insomnia.When people feel stressed by something going on around them, their bodies react by releasing chemicals into the blood. These chemicals give people more energy and strength, which can be a good thing if their stress is caused by physical danger. But this can also be a bad thing, if their stress is in response to something emotional and there is no outlet for this extra energy and strength . People under large amounts of stress can become tired, sick, and unable to concentrate or think clearly. Sometimes, they even suffer mental breakdowns. But beyond a certain point, stress stops being helpful and starts causing major damage to your health,Moreover,stress can give impact on students academic performance. The pressure to perform well in the examination or test and time allocated makes academic environment very stressful. However, academic work is never without stressful activities. Stress is defined as the physical pressure, pull, or other force exerted on one thing by another; strainIn conclusion, stress could cause depression, hopelessness, psychiatric disorders, behavioral changes and the weakening of the immune system. These effects are not all inclusive but these are the ones that most commonly effect people. Finally,stress can lead to changes in personal behavior.Students will become irriatable. His relationship between college mates and lecturers could be damag ed. Futhermore,this changes could make him depressed and leads him to violent behavior. Students are the future leaders of tomorrow and anything that interferes with their well being should be termed as denying the society their future leaders. University should conduct stress reduction sessions to the students, and lecturers too should be encouraged to advise their students where necessary. Students in Universities and colleges should control their stress and hence minimize the possibilities of psychiatric disorders and suicides. (379 words)

Adidas Marketing Plan

Adidas is the number two sporting goods maker in the world, second to Nike. The company has long focused on being the footwear for sports and high performance. The company has three components: Adidas, Reebok, newly acquired in 2006, and TaylorMade, well known on the Pro Am Golf Tour. (Adidas Group Annual Report, 2008) This marketing plan will focus on the Adidas brand. While research indicates there’s a belief that Adidas makes better footwear than Nike (Vertical Ascent Website), it has been unsuccessful in penetrating the young hip-hop crowd. With a generation that has grown up with i-pods, blogs and video games, Adidas is looking to appeal to his younger generation through technology that they have become used to using. (Marina, 2009) Adidas 1, claimed to be the world’s first computerized smart shoe, went on sale March 18, 2005. Adidas has long focused on being the footwear for sports and high performance with its core base being sports. According to the Adidas Group 2008 Annual Report, the company targets three brands: sports performance, sports heritage and sports styles. It’s known for its technological innovation and cutting edge design, with its mission being to challenge and lead through creativity. Adidas has positioned itself as a leader in professional and competitive sports, notably soccer, basketball, and running. As the technology permeates everyday life, Adidas hopes to live up to their changing expectations and deliver the best consumer experience through using creative new initiatives including interactive fitting footwear for peak performance and fit. With that focus on technological innovation, Adidas is going high tech, with everything from high tech sneakers, high tech virtual stores, and high tech promotion. This high tech is not just for show or glitz. It has a purpose – to deliver the best fitting, and best performing footwear tailored to the consumer’s individual needs. Adidas is hoping the high tech approach will eliminate potential customer dissatisfaction through virtual fitting. This eliminates producing shoes that don’t fit properly or perform well. It also leads to the best fit for the best performance out of footwear, something desired by professional or amateur athletes, as well as anyone embarking upon a running or fitness program. Adidas is looking at the changing interests of the up and coming market who also have i-pods, video games, email, internet, youtube and other highly technological devises as a way of life rather than traditional television or print media. With this change in media delivery, there’s also a change from it being one way to two-way communication, and with rapid advances in technology, they expect new and different things, and new and different footwear and sportswear is a way to reach that market. With an emphasis on fitness in today’s world, Adidas must create an image that Adidas footwear excels for everyone who is looking to improve their health. The goal is to maintain its traditional base as well while developing a technological environment that will broaden appeal to a younger consumer. Adidas’ strategy is to come up with a technology that meets a consumer need – excellent fitting footwear that has top notch performance. By having technology where one is not just fitted for the footwear, but also can gauge them for exact pressure and running posture, the company continues to follow its positioning as being the world’s favorite footwear for sports, and setting the pace for their footwear to meet their customer’s performance needs. The company is taking that image to its traditional promotional use of television and print advertising, as well as its exclusivity banners at major sporting events, especially European soccer matches. It also has made deals with professional football players and the New York Yankees to endorse Adidas. The company is the official sponsor of the 2008 Beijing Olympics that will reach millions, billions, and potentially open up strong Chinese Markets, and renew interest in sports performance which will lead to increased sales Adidas is distributed in corporate stores, throughout the web, high end sporting stores, the internet, and more limitedly in sporting goods stores throughout the US and Europe. It is also rethinking its distribution practices after last year’s purchase of Reebok and will close Reebok sports apparel and sneaker distribution centers in Massachusetts, Tennessee and Kentucky, and move those operations to an expanded center in South Carolina. Spartanburg was chosen for the two brands' consolidated distribution center in part because it's close to the two brands' product shipping locations and to many customers (The Associated Press, 2008) Adidas high tech strategy is moving into its internal operations departments, adopting a better delivery system, increasing retail distribution, and taking customer service to a new level, beyond satisfaction to delight, thus trying to obtain return and possibly ifetime customers, something that would be very profitable for the company. The company can benchmark its success by measuring sales, web traffic to its innovative color based on-line advertisements that never mention the product, the number of downloaded pod casts and the number of visits to their Paris high-tech store. Works Cited http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/2005-03-02-smart-usat_x.htm

Program study and Development Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Program study and Development Plan - Essay Example I started working as a petitioned registry nurse for Westways Staffing where I worked for four years. After that, I found a full time job in Mission Community Hospital’s emergency department. Being a novice in emergency nursing, I put a lot of effort in refining my emergency nursing skills in order to prepare myself for a successful transition. After working in the emergency department as a staff nurse for four months, I was offered the job of a full time charge nurse. At that time, my eagerness to get the job was attenuated with cynicism. I underestimated myself and feared that I might not be able to live up to my director’s expectations and hence end up failing him. However, the love and support shown by my extremely supportive friends changed my mind for the better and I accepted the job offer. Having worked as part of the management team and added stake in the organization for some time, I felt the need to increase my nursing knowledge in order to better lead a robust department. Therefore, I studied and successfully acquired certification for emergency nurse (CEN) and critical care (CCRN). Getting these certificates instilled the much needed confidence in me to effectively lead the department and deal with the interdepartmental issues along with other charge nurses and nurse managers. Another break in my career arrived when Sherman Oaks Hospital offered me the full time position of a charge nurse. With a view to broadening my nursing experience and successfully dealing with the challenges in a new setting, I left the mission and took the job offer. Nursing has always provided me with endless opportunities to grow. For example, the basic management training I received during my position as a charge nurse ultimately opened the prospect of working in the director’s position in the department. This time I accepted the director’s post and viewed it as a challenge. So far, my department has managed to successfully

Oligopoly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Oligopoly - Essay Example In relation to costs it shows that in an oligopolistic market firms will not raise their prices because even a small price increase will cause them to lose many customers and at the same time a large price decrease by the owners will gain only a few customers because such an action will begin a price war with other firms. The curve is therefore more price-elastic for price increases and less so for price decreases. In a kinky demand curve as in an oligopoly marginal costs could change without necessarily changing the price or quantity. Being an Oligopoly the EU car market will be experiencing an average cost curve that will represent benefits from substantial economies of size. These firms have actually become large and powerful and with the increased output they have low processing and operating costs. The EU car industry clearly has just a few ruling firms in the industry which will be watching each others pricing and output strategies very closely. Moreover it should be noted that the EU car industry might actually be benefiting through its oligopolist structure(although the practice of price discrimination cannot be applauded).The car industry has to maintain its factories and pay its workers regardless of the amount of output /cars it produces every year. They can probably not afford a perfect competition situation where there would be price competitions and losses which would have an adverse effect on the safety and quality of the cars. This diagram shows that the car industry being a technically differentiated oligopoly(different types of cars) produces at a profit maximizing level of output where marginal cost equals marginal revenue. The firm finds the price it will charge customers at the profit maximizing level of output (Qm) from the demand curve, and sets price to Pm. As we can see, the firm is earning economic profits since price exceeds the average costs at the profit maximising level of output. Now coming back to the issue the question addresses , it is a fact that for many years there is large scale price discrimination in the European Car Market. For example figures show that in 2001the pre-tax price of a Mazda 323 was 10,525 in the UK ,7,404 in Greece and 6,266 in Denmark ( European Commission, July 2001. )This has largely been blamed upon the fact that the European Car Industry is exempt from European competition law. .This situation has allegedly led to a rather oligopolistic arrangement by the persons involved in the car industry as they operate a rigid network of national or regional dealers which are chosen by car manufacturers, to flourish. Allegedly this is also where British car buyers have been particularly discriminated against. The European Car market is not a freely competitive market. As an oligopoly then the EU car industry experiences downward sloping long run average cost curve. The tactic that this industry uses is to increase profits by expanding output and/or merging to take advantage of economies of scale. As a result the

Are emotion and reason equally necessary in justifying moral decisions Essay

Are emotion and reason equally necessary in justifying moral decisions - Essay Example (Westacott, 2006; Davis, 2005; Westacott, 2000) There are many considerations that build-up a person’s moral judgment. First, our conscience serves as our guide when choosing between something that is morally right or wrong. (Paunil-Ciabal, 2003: 23) It is also unavoidable that some of us may end up having to face a situation wherein we need to make a major life decision based on the principle of choosing the lesser evil. (Paunil-Ciabal, 2003: 33) Since we all have the freedom to make choices in our lives, some of us may end up deciding to act on something that may not be morally right in the eyes of another person. Choosing the action that does not fully promote humanity is never an easy task. Considering all the factors that may contribute to the development of moral decisions in each person, this study will examine and provide some real-life examples that will prove as to whether or not the application of pure emotions, pure logical reasoning, or both is necessary when it comes to the justification of a moral decision. Torturing or inflicting cruel acts on another human being is morally unacceptable considering that the act itself, regardless of its purpose, is considered as evil and inhumane. (Kershnar, 2004; Paunil-Ciabal, 2003: 33) Back in 2002, we have heard from the news about the story behind the American soldiers in Afghanistan, Guantà ¡namo Bay naval base, and Iraq wherein the prisoners were brutally tortured as part of their preferred â€Å"interrogation technique† in order for the American soldiers to gather more information with regards to the terrorists group that has attacked the Americans back in 2001. (Davis, 2005) Basically, the five possible reasons behind torturing another individual includes: (1) to make another person confess; (2) to gather sensitive information; (3) to intimidate another party; (3) as a punishment; (5) to make another person suffer for the personal satisfaction

The influence of the movie on the society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The influence of the movie on the society - Essay Example Remember that Sontag believes movies lost their "art" in her time, and Norma believed movies lost their "art" once sound came in - in the late 1920s. Are they right? By means of looking into one’s own experience of being transported by the motion picture and allowing it to gain momentary control of human reflexes within the span of film’s length, the moviegoer manages to prove the truth behind Susan Sontag’s conviction through a varying insight to the encounter with the story and the audio-visual effects projected across the big screen. Typically, since movies are created to depict a dynamic narrative of life under a rare perspective with striking parallels to the circumstances of reality, the watcher becomes gradually kidnapped by such an essence that occurs to fulfill the movie’s objective of getting the viewer seek profound relevance. As the movie serves a vehicle that takes one to reflect with vivid imagination and pertinent emotion at depth, the act o f kidnapping, as Sontag puts it to be the principal role assumed by the film, is sustained. On the other hand, Norma’s observation that movies lost art during the arrival of the talkies in the late 1920s tends to signify reference to the aesthetic value of a motion picture.

Adapting Instructional Techniques to Meet the Needs of a Research Paper

Adapting Instructional Techniques to Meet the Needs of a Multi-Generational Classroom - Research Paper Example From this study it is clear that adding the dimension of multi-generational interaction provides educators with challenges in trying to engage learners who are at different socialization levels in relationship to work and life experience. Looking at the concept of multi-generational integration towards learning can be assessed in relationship to social constructivism as it was discussed by both Piaget and Vygotsky. Learning through inventive systems like the internet or through face-to-face interaction in group learning, students can bridge gaps and increase the knowledge of one another through integration of the advantages of their age range. Adapting Instructional Techniques to Meet the Needs of a Multi-Generational Classroom Introduction The economic conditions are such that an increasing number of adults are returning to the classroom in order to further their education so that they can enter a first career or find a second career as their own has become a victim of economic hard times. Between 1970 and 2004 there was a 101% increase in the number of students attending college. According to the paper the advantages of age provides for a series of different perspectives to be brought into the condition of the classroom. The different generations will have sometimes conflicting perspectives on world events, the idealism of the very young tempered by the practicality of those who may be in their thirties. Even a short span of five years differences will have a very different perspective than the teenager fresh from high school. Work experience, the experience of paying bills, and the cognition of how world events evolve from one to the next as it is seen from more experienced eyes will all affect the learning capacity of the individual as they contemplate the information that they are receiving. The instructor will experience a series of challenges as they approach teaching in a multi-generational classroom.  

Union revitalisation in Europe and North America Essay

Union revitalisation in Europe and North America - Essay Example Due to increased integration in EU and development of favorable legal infrastructure coupled with favorable governments allowed trade unions to grow and gain the influence within the region. In US, too, due to local as well as international factors, trade unions are gaining momentum again.Gradually as the shift occurred towards more service oriented industries supported by technological improvements, unions lost their traditional advantage because organizations were less reliant on the human force as the main source of producing goods and services. Unions are often considered as the source of low employee turnover which effectively helps organizations to concentrate on core issues rather than emphasizing on non-productive activities. Besides that, collective bargaining powers of unions provide them necessary influence and power to impact the performance of different productivity variables within organizations.There has been counter argument to this also which suggests that the produc tivity and presence of unions are negatively related with each other and as such unions do not contribute towards the productivity of the organizations. This argument developed so strong that unions started to loose their traditional position as collective bargaining agents and as such the movements, generally, lost its significance and influence within the organizations and as agents of productivity and industrial relations.... Before analyzing the question of revitalization of the union activities within EU and North America, it is critical that a critical look at the relationship between the unions and economy and how both interact and influence each other. One of the most critical tasks performed by Unions is the compression of wage differentials in the economy. The collective bargaining power of the unions gives them an advantage to negotiate the wages with the employers, and empirically it has been evaluated that wages of those employees who is part of the unions enjoy higher wage rates than those who is not part of the union activities. It is within this context that it has been argued that unions tend to reduce the shareholder value because higher wages result into lower profits. As such union activities are therefore viewed within the perspective of agents which have negative influence over the wealth which shareholders may drive from organizations in an absence of union. This argument is further consolidated by the fact that unions often wield their power in a way which can halt the production activities due to their conflict with the management of the organizations on any issue. Such behavior and attitude tend to result in lost productivity due to stoppage of production activities. Unions also often tend to monopolize the power structures within the organizations and as such give unions power to regulate and modify the labor market therefore changing the basics of competition within economy. This monopolization of power gives unions power to influence the wage rates therefore effectively can increase the total costs for the firm which may result into lost competitiveness. As such the role of unions within the

Wrtng 3 extra paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wrtng 3 extra paper - Essay Example More so, in addition to the skills noted, writing and analytical skills were enhanced in terms of looking at the ethical issues from various perspectives: from the organizations that represent the business profession, as well as government institutions that monitor and regulate the need to observe ethical standards that need to be conformed. One was thereby more made aware of the federal regulations in terms of ensuring anti-bribery laws are taken seriously and adhered to. With regards to revision plans for the paper, one could envision that should there be more time and space allotted to write a more comprehensive paper on the issue, more actual experiences in contemporary organizational setting could be provided. Further research could be conducted to determine the extent of bribery that still exists in current times and which famously known business organizations have been penalized for violating the federal law. Likewise, one is cognizant of the fact that the paper was presented by taking into consideration the audience’s understanding of the issue. However, one could not truly discern the veracity of this from the audience’s points of

Electronic and mobile commerce solutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Electronic and mobile commerce solutions - Essay Example The service is operational twenty four hour a day everyday across the year. Nevertheless, consumers face challenges of no instant gratification so, delivery may take a while. There is limited consumer service because they have no one to attend to their questions hence can only see the goods without touching them. Bespoke is service offered to a consumer after the consumer has given order for it to be made. The bespoke products include; clothes, vehicles or furniture. This service is good because a consumer is assured of an original and new product of their choice unlike ready to use items on sale. On the other hand, there is lack of supervision by the consumer when their products are made therefore omission errors are inevitable (Andrew et.al, 1997). Consequently, since it is business on the internet, the choice of materials used may not be satisfactory to the ones requested by the consumers. An example is bespokemoda.com An online software solution is an ecommerce website solution that allows selling online by providing software that creates an online store. An example of online software is Shopify solutions. It is easy to set up and synchronizes the store’s products, inventory, orders and consumers between ecommerce site and retail stores. Open sources like magneto and e-commerce solutions is a platform that uses latest web technologies offering professional features, flexibility and controls the activities like shopping online for example Word Press. An Open Source establishes an e-business with convenient product and catalogue browser options, extended consumer management and has an intuitive interface of administration well rated with an extensive network support. Magneto can be used on PHP and MySQL installed in any web server because they are available as free software therefore is prone to hacking and virus attacks (Awad, 2006). In line with electronic commerce is the mobile commerce technology. Mobile commerce is an online commercial transactions

Mathematics of the Greeks and the Mayans Essay Example for Free

Mathematics of the Greeks and the Mayans Essay Mathematics is the study of time, space, structure, and quantity which is used to calculate almost anything in the world from the amount of atoms in an element to calculating the air pressure in a room. Although levels of math such as calculus are not taught until college, the use and study of mathematics have been around since the beginning of time and the world wouldn’t be able to function without it. The term â€Å"mathematics† comes from the Greek word mathema which means study, knowledge, or learning. Along with philosophy and astronomy, the ancient Greeks were well known for their development and contribution as brilliant mathematicians. Despite their widely spread fame as the world’s first greatest mathematicians, the Greeks had competitors. My contention is that the Mayans were one of the top mathematicians of the ancient world and were even more advanced than the Greeks. Ancient Greek mathematics has been developed since the early seventh century B.C. which could also be called the period during the Hellenistic Mathematics. Some of the greatest Ancient Greek mathematicians were Pythagoras, Aristotle, Anaxagoras, Euclid, Archimedes, Thales, and Aristarchus. These Greek mathematicians were big on the development of geometry which is a subdivision of math that focuses on shapes, size, and the relativity of space. Although their number system was based on letters of the alphabet and used units of five and ten, they therefore were not big on the processes of Algebra. However the Greeks became the masters of calculating solutions concerning volume, lengths and areas using geometric methods and theorems to solve algebraic equations. Despite contributions to modern day arithmetic such as the Pythagorean Theorem and Euclidian Geometry the Greeks were missing one essential part of math, one number that modern day civilization mathematics would not be able to f unction without. The Mayans included this number in their mathematic system which in turn made them the greatest mathematicians of the ancient world, this number was zero. Along with ancient Greece, Egypt, Rome and Babylonian history did not have or use the number zero. Although the Greek number system worked fairly well for their arithmetic, they were very limited to what they could do because of their limitations of their numbers. For example, the number zero and irrational numbers did not exist and were not possible from the doubt of how nothing could count as something. It was not until 150 A.D that Greek astronomer Ptolemy was the first to put a zero at the end of a number represented by the letter O which was well over a thousand years after the Mayans. Maya civilization was established in Mesoamerica in current day Yucatan Peninsula from about 2,000 B.C to 250 A.D during the Pre-Classic era to the classic era up until the settlement of the Spanish conquistadors and its collapse. Similar to Greece, Maya was not a unified kingdom and consisted of many smaller city states and they were also known for the uniqueness of their astronomy, original art and architecture which was all built and based by math. Contrasting from the Greeks instead of using units based on five and ten, the Mayans used a base number of twenty. In the Mayan number system, a dot represented one while a horizontal bar represented five. During the Hellenistic period in Europe, many astronomers arose when they applied their knowledge of math to astronomy. Some well-known astronomers of ancient Greece are Anaxagoras, Thales, and Ptolemy all of which who discover that the Earth was round, Earth revolved around the son and that the weather was not controlled by God. Due to these marvelous discoveries, Ancient Greece is often referred to as the Father of astronomy however this is not quite accurate. These findings were based on grounds that were built upon by civilizations in other parts of the world such as Mesoamerica. Because of the geographical distance from the Maya civilization to the Greek civilization, they were not influenced by the Greek’s findings and instead came across almost the same discoveries but with their own methods. Not much is known about Maya history due to the destruction of Maya texts and writings by the Spanish church and government officials in the 16th century; however three books miraculously survived which are the Dresden Codex, Madrid Codex, and the Paris Codex. These books contain the last written information about Maya history, art, rituals, astrology, zodiac, calendar, and math. One significant item in these books was a drawing of a shell which was on the first representations of the number zero. The codex also contained recorded meticulous observations of the sky and space. In the codex were diagrams that displayed an eclipse table that calculates times when eclipses might happen, a Venus table that calculates the times when Venus appears as morning star, and a Mars table that records the times when Mars goes into reversing motion. The Maya pursued to apprehend the repetitive sequences of motions of the moon and planets to be able to forecast when these objects in the sky would be in a certain place in the sky during a certain time. For example, they used the movement of the sun in the sky to calculate the number of days in a year. Due to the tilt of the Earths axis, the sun shows up at different locations in the sky depending on the time of year which causes the change in seasons. The Mayans were able to calculate the number of days in a solar tropical year from the equation, 1507 tropical years = 1508 haabs or 365 multiplied by 1508 days which equals out to be 365.242 days which is very precise and accurate to the actual modern calculations of 365.24198 days as compared to the Greeks calculations of 365.24667 days. The Mayans have proven to be at the top of the ancient world’s mathematics and astronomy from their discoveries that are established as accurate even to this day by using their own methods written on their codex stripping ancient Greece of their title of the fathers of mathematics and astronomy.

Social Bond Theory and Deviant Behaviour

Social Bond Theory and Deviant Behaviour Social Bonds and Deviance Deviance is a term used to describe behavior that goes against the established social and cultural norms. The concept of deviance is complex because norms vary considerably across groups, times, and places. Essentially, individuals commit deviant behavior when society defines it as such. Within the field of criminology, a number of theories exist that attempt to explain why some people engage in deviant behavior, while others abstain from it. One of these theories is Travis Hirschi’s, social bond theory, which eventually becomes the blueprint for subsequent control theories. This paper will analyze aspects of social control theory and social bonds, for the purpose of seeing if they can deter deviant behavior. Social control theory focuses on how the lack of close relationships with others can free individuals from social constraints, which in turn allows them to engage in delinquency. Unlike most criminology theories that claim to explain why people offend, control theories of fer the justification for why people obey the rules (Cartwright, 2013). Social control theories focus primarily on external factors and the processes by which rules become effective. Followers of this theory believe that deviance and crime occur because of inadequate constraints. This theory also examines the lack of control a person has in relation to society and explains how deviant behavior occurs in proportion to the strength of one’s social bonding. For the most part, social control theory assumes a shared value or belief in social norms. Therefore, even those who break laws or violate social norms, share the general belief that those rules should be followed (Cartwright, 2013). Thus, the essence of social control theory is explaining conformity and the process through which people are socialized to obey the rules. The first mentions of social control theory can be found in the works of some of the Enlightenment thinkers and can be traced to the Chicago School (Cartwright, 2011, p. 207). For example, Thomas Hobbes, an English social philosopher who wrote about external restraints and the role of government in preventing deviance, can be seen as one of the roots of this theory. Hobbes argued that humans had an inherent tendency toward evil and were constrained only through social contracts and agreements with people. More often though, the origin of social control theory is connected to Emile Durkheim, who is a French sociologist and is considered as the founder of sociology. Durkheim views crime and deviance as social facts that are present in all societies and even considered crime as â€Å"normal† (Cartwright, 2013). Durkheim thought that, â€Å"social controls were necessary if individuals were to understand the boundaries between acceptable and unacceptable behavior† (Cartwrig ht, 2011, p. 207). In his view, crime serves the function of identifying boundaries for behavior, which are recognized collectively in communities and reinforced by negative societal reaction. As a result, social order is maintained to avoid disapproved association with deviant acts. Eventually, Durkheim’s theory of integration and regulation becomes the basis for Travis Hirschi’s social bonding theory, in which criminal behavior is accounted as a result of weakening social bonds. Although Hirschi was not the first to propose a social control theory, his research published in the, â€Å"Causes of Delinquency† (1969), established him as the leading social control theorist. However, it is important to note that his social bonding theory exists, for the most part, as a result of the work done by his social control theory predecessors (Hirschi, 1969, p. 212). Terence Thornberry elaborated upon Hirschi’s control theory and Durkheim’s view of crime in society, in order to create a more accurate model for describing delinquency. He agreed with Hirschi that all humans are born with deviant motivation and that if social constraints are absent, people will naturally engage in deviant behavior. However, Thornberry argues that the weakening of social controls would not necessarily result in delinquency. In other words, according to Thornberry’s interactional theory, the absence or weakening of social control is a necessary, but not a sufficient condition for delinquent involvement (Cartwright, 2011, p. 229). Laub and Sampson’s turning points theory was also rooted in Durkheim’s views, Hirschi’s social bond theory and Thornberry’s interactional theory. Laub and Sampson’s theory concluded that some social events may change delinquents from a path of crime and this event is called a turning point. Closer to the present time, Bouffard and Petkovsek conducted a study which explores the process through which social bonds work to restrain offending criminal behavior. This was primarily based on Hirschi’s social bonding theory and looks at the decision to drive drunk. All of the above mentioned theorists are intricately connected through their theories, which are based on some aspect of their respective predecessors, and their view that all individuals are bonded to society. Hirschi’s, social bond theory, looks at how delinquency is the result of weak or broken bonds between the individual and society. He states that there are four aspects of the bond, and their relationship between each other, that affect our connection to society (Cartwright, 2011). These four are: attachment, commitment, involvement in conventional activities, and lastly belief in wider social values. Hirschi defines attachment to others as the degree to which we admire others and feel affection for and identify with them. Forming secure bonds to other human beings, foster traits like empathy and respect. If a person is able to experience empathy, that person will be far less likely to engage in criminal acts that would result in someone being harmed. Attachment is especially important when it comes to the person’s parental figures. According to Hirschi, other attachments, such as school, also play a tremendous role in conventional society (Hirschi, 1969, p. 215). Next i s commitment, which can be described as the personal investment of an individual, in things such as educational or career goals, and the perceived losses suffered by involvement in deviant behavior. A person is far less likely to commit deviant behavior when they have invested too much energy and time into pursuing a goal. A sense of commitment is a grounding force that gives individuals a reason to conform to socially accepted norms and goals (Hirschi, 1969, p. 216-217). Involvement refers to the level of one’s participation in social activities such as volunteering, jobs, or attending church. There is an inverse correlation between the amount of time an individual participates in conventional activities and the amount of time they have to deviate. Therefore, involvement in activities serves to both further an individual’s bonds to others and leaves the individual with limited time to be involved in deviant activities. Finally, belief refers to an individual’s trust in society’s moral system. The individual must believe that the rules and laws are necessary and should be obeyed. A lack of belief in the system can cause individuals to be more likely to engage in deviant behavior (Hirschi, 1969, p. 217-219). Hirschi views these four aspects of social control as highly interrelated and together they form the foundation of the social bonding theory. Thornberry’s Interactional theory attempts to combine social structure, social control, and social learning theories. He began with aspects of Hirschi’s version of control theory and Ronald Akers’s social learning theory, in order to create a more integrated theory to explain delinquent behavior. He called his theory, â€Å"interactional† because it was based on the premise that crime and deviance is the outcome of interactions between an individual and his or her environment (Thornberry, 1987, p. 232-233). Thornberry selected three concepts from Hirschi’s theory (attachment to parents, commitment to school, and belief in conventional values) and two from Akers’s theory (association with delinquent peers and delinquent values) (Cartwright, 2011). The significance of this theory is that it examines the developmental changes across three stage of adolescence: early, middle, and late adolescence. During childhood and early adolescence, attachmen t to the family is the most important determinant of whether a youth will adjust to society’s rules and be shielded from delinquency (Thornberry, 1987, p. 242-243). By mid-adolescence, the family is replaced by the world of friends, school and youth culture. In adulthood, a person’s behavioural choices are shaped by their place in conventional society and in their own family. Additionally, this theory asserts that at different ages, different influences become more important for the individual (Thornberry, 1987, p. 246, 248). This theory further states that individuals with weak social bonds will form other bonds with delinquents who share the same values. Laub and Sampson developed a theory of age-graded informal social control. They predicted that those who have more social capital, quality marital bonds, and stable employment in adulthood are more likely to abstain from committing more crime, through what the authors refer to as turning points. The key component of this theory is that delinquency and crime have an inverse relationship with an individuals bond to society (Cartwright, 2011). As an extension of Hirschi’s social bond theory, Laub and Sampson discussed the concept of attachment and commitment. The most notable difference between age-graded informal social control theory and social control theory is that the former acknowledges that crime is not â€Å"necessarily stable over the life course† and that criminals can change into â€Å"normal, law-abiding adults† (Cartwright, 2011, p. 258). Laub and Sampson find that attachments or social bonds in adulthood increase some individuals social capital, leadin g to desistance from most types of deviant behavior. Furthermore, they found that antisocial behavior in childhood has a strong likelihood of continuing through adulthood across a variety of life domains. So, individuals who become attached to other people will increase their self-control and, constraints in the form of job or marriage can prevent those with low self-control from offending (Laub and Sampsons, 1993, p. 269-270). Laub and Sampson argue that the start of a criminal career occurs early in life, but emphasize that even with an established criminal career; delinquency can be interrupted during the life course. Specifically, Laub and Sampson found that kids who were involved in deviant behavior, changed for the better because they experienced an event that pulled them out of their criminal lifestyle and into a more conventional pattern of behavior. They refer to these points of interruption as turning points. Such turning points include military service, employment, and ma rriage which create social capital. This social capital then represents investment in society and will restrain deviant behavior (Laub and Sampsons, 1993, p. 272-273). According to this theory, social influences on crime can directly and indirectly, affect trajectories of crime across the entire life course. In Bouffard and Petkovsek’s paper, they tested Hirschi’s social bond theory and the impact social bonds have on crime, specifically focusing on the decision to drive drunk. Their prediction for the outcome of the study is as follows: individuals with lower levels of social bonding will not care about the severity of negative consequences involved in drunk driving behavior and these ratings of severity will decide whether an individual participates in drunk driving (Bouffard and Petkovsek, 2013, p. 5). Each participant in the study was asked questions to test the social control theory. These questions focused on attachment to the family, belief in conventional values, and religious involvement/commitment (Bouffard and Petkovsek, 2013, p. 8). From the results, they found that concepts discussed in Hirschi’s social bond theory, did in fact affect deviant behavior. Those individuals with greater social bonds were found to be less likely to drive drunk, whereas those with less social bonds had a greater likelihood of driving drunk (Bouffard and Petkovsek, 2013, p. 17). The results of this study indicate that the concepts described in Hirschi’s social bond theory actually do have an effect on the deterrence of deviant behavior. Personally, I do believe that aspects of social control theory and social bonds can deter people from engaging in deviant behavior. It is not difficult to believe in any of the aforementioned theories, especially Hirschi’s components of social bond theory (attachment, commitment, involvement in conventional activities, and belief in social values), when there are many accounts of the life stories of major criminals out in the media. Most, if not all, serious crimes (murder, kidnappings, etc) are committed by people who grew up with bad parental figures, and strongly believed that they had no place in conventional society. This tied in with Thornberry’s concept of developmental changes across various stages of adolescence. When these individual do not have a significant attachment to family during their childhood, they have already begun rejecting some of society’s rules. This coupled with Laub and Sampsons assertion that social bonds increase an individualâ€℠¢s social capital which in turn restricts deviant behavior, almost guarantees a path of deviance for that individual. Furthermore, as Bouffard and Petkovesk’s study showed, social bonds really do have an effect on some types of deviant behavior. As previously mentioned, the readings have truly convinced me that social bonds play an integral role in the decision to participate in deviant behavior. References Bouffard, J.A., Petkovsek M.A. (2013): Testing Hirschis integration of social control and rational choice: Are bonds considered in offender decisions? Journal of Crime and Justice, doi: 10.1080/0735648X.2013.814547 Cartwright, B. (2011). Social Control Theory and Developmental Life Course Theories. In B. Cartwright (Ed), Sociological Explanations of Crime and Deviance (pp. 207-209). Boston: Pearson Learning Solutions. Cartwright, B. (2011). A Control Theory of Delinquency. In B. Cartwright (Ed), Sociological Explanations of Crime and Deviance (pp. 211-213). Boston: Pearson Learning Solutions. Cartwright, B. (2011). Turning Points in the Life Course: Why Change Matters to the Study of Crime. In B. Cartwright (Ed), Sociological Explanations of Crime and Deviance (pp. 258-260). Boston: Pearson Learning Solutions. Cartwright, B. (2011). Toward an Interactional Theory of Deviance. In B. Cartwright (Ed), Sociological Explanations of Crime and Deviance (pp. 229-231). Boston: Pearson Learning Solutions. Cartwright, B. (2011). The Origins of Social Control Theory Part 1. Retrieved from online tutorial site: http://media.pearsoncmg.com/pcp/1256315303/tutorial6/tutorial6.html Cartwright, B. (2011). Life Course and Developmental Theories Part 2. Retrieved from online tutorial site: http://media.pearsoncmg.com/pcp/1256315303/tutorial7/tutorial7.html Cartwright, B. (2013). â€Å"Social Control Theories.† Criminology 104 Lecture, retrieved from Simon Fraser University on-line lecture site. Hirschi, T. (1969). A Control Theory of Delinquency. In B. Cartwright (Ed), Sociological Explanations of Crime and Deviance (pp. 214-228). Boston: Pearson Learning Solutions. Laub, J., Samspon, R. (1993). Turning Points in the Life Course: Why Change Matters to the Study of Crime. In B. Cartwright (Ed), Sociological Explanations of Crime and Deviance (pp. 261-282). Boston: Pearson Learning Solutions. Thornberry, T. (1987). Toward an interactional Theory of Delinquency. In B. Cartwright (Ed), Sociological Explanations of Crime and Deviance (pp. 232-257). Boston: Pearson Learning Solutions.

Sleep Disorders and their Effects

Sleep Disorders and their Effects Sleep disorders are medical disorders where the sleep patterns of a person is disrupted. A French scientist, Henri Pieron wrote a book entitled Le problem physiologique du sommeil which first examined sleep from a physiological perspective. Then, Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman also known as Father of American sleep research questioned the regulation of sleep and wake and of circadian rhythms. His work delved into studies of sleep deprivation. Soon after, Kleitman and his student, Dr. Eugene Aserinsky discovered rapid eye movement (REM) during sleep. Dr. Kleitmans research was further extended by another one of his students, Dr. Willaim C. Dement who discovered the connection between REM sleep and dreaming. Sleep disorders effect a persons sleep cycle which can be life disrupting where it disturbs a persons social and psychological state. These disorders vary from more common disorders such as snoring to life threatening disorders such as narcolepsy. There are three broad classifications of sleep disorders; dyssomnias, parasomnias and medical-psychiatric sleep disorders. Dyssomnias are disorders which involve excessive sleepiness and are associated with disturbed sleep. Disorders such as primary insomnia, narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea and restless leg syndrome are disorders categorized under dyssomnias. Parasomnias are disorders which involve undesirable physical phenomena which occur during sleep and generally are disorders or arousal, partial arousal, and sleep stage transitions. Disorders such as sleepwalking, night terrors and rhythmic movement disorders are examples of parasomnias. Medical-psychiatric sleep disorders are relations between psychiatric and sleep disorders. Peop le who suffer from depression tend to wake up early and are unable to fall back asleep. This makes their depression worse as the amount of sleep effects ones illness. Likewise, treatment and medication used in psychiatric disorders can cause sleep disorders such as insomnia. There are many types of sleep disorders which vary between the three broad classifications of sleep disorders. Here are a few brief descriptions on some more commonly known sleep disorders. Insomnia is the condition where one finds it difficult to fall asleep whether it may be in the beginning of the night, after waking up in the middle of the night or waking up much earlier in the morning. This will cause lack of sleep which will bring about complaints of non-restorative sleep, sleepiness during the day or fatigue. Sleep apnea is where one has difficulty breathing and sometimes stops breathing over a period of time while sleeping. This condition can range from 10 pauses per hour to 30 pauses per hour. Loud snoring, daytime sleepiness and tiredness are common effects of sleep apnea and most people complain of hypersomnulence and loud snoring to the extent where it can be heard from outside of the house. Narcolepsy is another disorder of excessive sleepiness and hypersomnulence which is associated with cataplexy and other REM phenomena. A person suffering from narcolepsy may just fall asleep instantly without their own awareness. Such a disorder can be very life threatening as falling asleep in certain conditions like behind the wheel can prove to be fatal. Night terrors are severe and frightening partial arousal from sleep. Most people scream and cry while showing fear and anxiety. When experiencing sleep disorders, it is vital to seek medical treatment to cure this condition. Most doctors recommend sleep clinics for diagnosis of the sleep problem. The doctor will study ones history, lifestyle and habits before diagnosing ones condition. Generally, sleep disorders can be treated by self-care regimes such as the Good sleep hygiene regime. This habit advices that one should stick to a regular bedtime schedule, avoid napping during the day, avoid substances which contain caffeine, alcohol and nicotine and also sleeping in a surrounding where it is dark, comfortable and relaxing. Dead man walking Somnambulism Ever heard of horror stories where someone wakes up in the middle of the night, walks up to someone else or something else and acts out or mumbles? More often than not, these cases are mistaken for some supernatural happening. The more skeptical group of people believes that this was caused because that someone was possessed. The punch line for this whole situation is that there is a perfectly reasonable scientific explanation where this whole phenomenon is actually a sleep disorder; Somnambulism. Somnambulism is defined as a series of complex behaviors which arise during slow wave sleep (REM) and result in walking during sleep. This condition is also referred to as sleepwalking. Somnambulism or a more common term, sleepwalking, occurs mostly in children but there are cases which can last to adulthood. When the brain has trouble with the transition from non-REM to REM sleep, sleepwalking occurs. The hypothalamus in the brain controls the sleep-wake cycle of the body. When one sleeps, the hypothalamus blocks a part of the brain so that it does not perform any action and blocks off certain nerves that brings impulses to the brain while sleeping. During REM, our body has a mechanism which keeps us still so we do not act out our dreams. When this feature is missing, people experience REM sleep behavior disorders which include sleepwalking. There are many elements which can lead to sleepwalking. Most of these factors are categorized into three main factors; genetics, medical conditions and environmental factors. Genetics plays a vital role in ones sleepwalking condition. When a person is diagnosed with sleepwalking, it is a possibility that they have inherited that specific gene. If there is a family member with that abnormality, it is ten times the chances of that person inheriting the sleepwalking disorder. Identical twins also have a higher chance in becoming sleepwalkers. There are also many medical conditions which lead to sleep walking. Conditions such as fevers which directly impact the nervous system, nighttime asthma, obstructive sleep apnea, night time seizures and psychiatric disorders have a great impact towards sleepwalking. Adults with psychiatric disorders often consume drugs like anti-seizure medicines and stimulants which cause sleepwalking. A persons environmental surroundings can also induce sleepwalk ing. When someone experiences hormonal changes induced by pregnancy, menstruation or puberty it can lead to sleepwalking. Also, sleep deprivation, alcohol intoxication and unusual sleep schedules bring about the said disorder. So, what actually happens when one sleepwalks? In some cases, the sleepwalker sits up from their laid position. Some cases have the sleepwalkers run from their beds. The sleepwalkers actions vary depending on the type of dream. If someone is dreaming about being chased by a hungry wild animal, that someone is more likely to run as fast as they can. One can only imagine the outcome when a sleepwalker is dreaming about using the bathroom. While sleepwalking, the sleepwalkers eyes can be open or closed and appear glassy. Even though their eyes are open, their vision is not permitted as they are still in a state of sleep. Most people stereotype sleepwalkers to have their hands propelled out as if they were zombies and their eyes rolled back. In actual fact, these sleepwalkers perform daily life tasks. Some may cook meals and some have ended up behind the car wheel. Lucky for them, they couldnt find the car keys. It is not advised to awaken a sleepwalker as it is possible for them to go i nto a state of shock. After all, they are not controlling their actions at this moment in time. As soon as the sleepwalker wakes up from their dream, they experience amnesia where they cannot recall what they did previously when sleepwalking. The danger of sleepwalking can not only affect the sleepwalker but also the people around them. There have been over 20 cases where people have performed murders while sleepwalking. Also, many sexual assault and rape cases have been related to sleep walking. It is hard to justify these cases as most of it is performed when the person is not conscious of their actions. Sleepwalking is a serious sleep disorder and has to be resolved as soon as its diagnosed. Of course the best solution is prevention. In order to prevent sleepwalking, one should get adequate sleep. Never allow yourself to experience sleep debt. One should also cultivate a stress-less lifestyle. Meditation and relaxation exercises help provide a tranquil and serene sense of thought. However, if one has already succumbed to the sleepwalking disorder, there are many solutions to resolve this problem. Medication is a common treatment for sleepwalking. Medications are necessary if sleepwalker is at risk of injury, causes disruption to the family household, and other treatment option are not effective. Other treatment options are non-drug based and are preferred treatment for a long term. Anticipatory awakenings are when the patient is woken up approximately 15-20 minutes before the anticipated attack and is kept awake through the time of the attack. Relaxation and mental imagery are more natural techniques and can be very effective if it is carried out by an experienced behavioral therapist or hypnotist. Hypnosis also helps reduce sleepwalking. In order to protect the sleepwalker from the risk of injury, a safe environment should be preserved where it is free from harmful objects. Also, the doors and windows should be locked and an alarm bell should be installed at the door of the sleepwalkers bedroom. This is to alarm the family when the sleepwalker is on the move. Conclusion Sleep disorders are a medical condition where the sleep pattern is disrupted. Most disorders occur when there is a dysfunction with the REM sleep. Sleep disorders are categorized into three broad classifications which are dyssomnias, parasomnias and medical-psychiatric sleep disorders. Dyssomnias disorders involve excessive sleep, parasomnias involve undesirable physical phenomena and medical-psychiatric sleep is correlated where the psychiatric conditions of a person effects the sleep conditions and vice versa. Most sleep disorders can affect ones daily life whether it may be the person experiencing the sleep disorder or the person around them. Sleep disorders vary from mild conditions such as bruxism to dangerous, life-threatening conditions such as sleep apnea. It is vital for people who suffer from sleep disorders to seek medical help in order to contain this condition from getting worse whether it may be from medication or just adapting a healthy lifestyle. Somnambulism (sleepwa lking) is when a person gets up and walks about during the deep sleep stages. A person experiencing sleepwalking is acting out a dream or a vision in their heads. The sleepwalker does not realize they are sleepwalking and after each episode they experience a mild case of amnesia. The sleepwalking syndrome is usually caused by three main factors which are genetics, medical conditions and environmental surroundings. A sleepwalker experiences episodes where they wake up in the most unlikely places and in some cases end up in embarrassing situations. When sleepwalking, one does not realize their actions and are in no control of it. Some sleepwalking cases can be very dangerous as they attempt things which are fatal when the conscious mind is not at play. In order to end accidents by sleepwalking, this disorder needs to be treated. Methods such as medication, anticipation awakenings, relaxation and mental imagery are effective when treating sleepwalking.

The Importance of Traffic Lights :: Exploratory Research Papers

The Importance of Traffic Lights The topic I picked for our community project was traffic lights. In a community, people need stop signs and traffic lights to slow down drivers from going to fast. If there were no traffic lights or stop signs, people’s lives would be in danger from divers going too fast. When having stop signs and traffic lights, people have a tendency to drive slower and look out for people walking in the middle of streets. To put a traffic light or a stop sign in a community, it takes a lot of work and planning from the community and the city to put one in. It is not cheap to do it either. The community first needs to take a petition around to everyone in the community and have them sign so they can take it to the board when the next city council meeting is. A couple residents will present it to the board, and they will decide weather or not to put it in or not. If not put in a lot of residents might be mad and bad things could happened to that part of the city. When the planning of putting traffic lights and stop signs, you should look at the subdivision plan and figure out where all the buildings and schools are for the protection of students walking and riding home from school. In our plan that we have made, we will need traffic lights next to the school, so people will look out for the students going home. We will need a stop sign next to the park incase kids run out in the street. This will help the protection of the kids having fun. Will need a traffic light separating the mall and the store. This will be the busiest part of the town with people going to the mall and the store. And finally there will need to be a stop sign at the end of the streets so people don’t drive to fast and get in a big accident. If this is down everyone will be safe driving, walking, or riding their bikes. In putting in a traffic light, it takes a lot of planning and money to complete it. A traffic light cost around $40,000 to $125,000 and sometimes more depending on the location.

The Growth of Democracy :: European Europe History

The Growth of Democracy In 1850, Britain was an undemocratic country. At this time the electoral system divided Boroughs and Counties. Voting qualifications were different in boroughs and constituencies. The vote was only given to men over the age of 21 providing their property was valued at  £10 or more, or land was more than  £2 per year in rent. Seats were distributed unequally and traditional ruling families usually formed the Cabinet. Furthermore, bribery and corruption were widespread and only the minority of the population were entitled to vote. At this time there was no form of a basic education for the population masses and there was still a lot of power lying within the House Of Lords and not with elected officials. A certain degree of money was necessary to stand for election because this was not a paying job, which, as a result stopped vast numbers of people standing for election because the did not have the finances to support themselves. Nor were they able to afford to stand for election a s due to bribery and corruption, the poor stood no chance of winning as they did not have the money to provide voters with what they wanted in return for their support. For democracy, there needed to be regular elections and although at this time elections were every seven years, this was not often enough. However between 1850 and 1918, progress was made towards Britain becoming a democracy. Now there was better communication and education increasing political interest and this influenced people in trade, industry and finance. Economic changes made people better off and left them wanting to take part in politics, and be represented in parliament. This general desire for the widening of the franchise led to pressure groups forming in 1864. The Extension of the Franchise was helped by the Second Reform Bill passed in 1867. In this act, all householders who paid rates with 12 months residence and all  £10 a year lodgers with one years residence in the Boroughs were given the Franchise. In the Counties, the Franchise was given to those  £5 property owners and all those who occupied property with a rateable value of  £12 or in Scotland,  £14. This act changed the views of The Liberals and The Tories as they now saw that many people backed the idea of a widening of the franchise. Party opinions changed in order to woo voters in the towns, but these changed opinions alone helped in bringing Britain towards democracy as now these political parties wanted to give the people what they wanted and were, agreeing with the populations views on this issue.

The Protagonist’s Physical and Social Conditioning in Charlotte Perkins :: English Literature

The Protagonist’s Physical and Social Conditioning in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper. The wife, protagonist, in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is trapped. Suffering from a â€Å"slight hysterical tendency† (p 676), an affliction no one really understands, her husband, a physician, prescribes a treatment, which offers her little support to be well again. Her condition is further aggravated by limitations of her social role as his wife. She is confined, controlled and devalued by her husband. She is powerless to renegotiate her situation. She is trapped by her treatment, her environment and her social role as a wife, with no hope of change. Given the hopelessness of her situation, she chooses to overpower what she can defeat, a figment of her imagination. The setting is a colonial mansion, which the husband, John, has rented as a place of respite for her recovery. It is run down and neglected, like his wife – run down from her illness and emotionally neglected, as her desires are overruled by his practicality. The mansion has housed children in the past. The nursery serves as the couple’s bedroom, where â€Å"the windows are barred† (p 677), to prevent the children from injuring themselves from a fall. Like the children, she is protected and imprisoned. This â€Å"atrocious nursery† (p 677) is covered with â€Å"a smouldering unclean yellow† (p 677) wallpaper, which becomes her obsession. Surrounding the mansion is plenty of fresh air, an aspect of her treatment. But the wife suspects an air about the house -- an air of an unwanted presence. Being isolated, the mansion is a perfect place for her confinement, another aspect of her treatment. Her husband has prescribed a version of the â€Å"rest cure†[1]. His â€Å"rest cure† amounts to being idle. The wife is a writer with artistic sensibility. She is deeply offended by the yellow wallpaper and its â€Å"sprawling flamboyant patterns committing every artistic sin† (p 677). She needs an outlet to express herself, through writing, but is prevented from doing so, as part of her â€Å"rest†. However, she still writes, covertly. John is a physician, an expert on physical illness. Being practical, he is not predisposed to be an expert on the artistic temperament. She disagrees with her treatment, but remains silent on that issue, displaying appropriate wifely behaviours. To be appropriate, to exhibit â€Å"proper self-control† (p 676) is required as his wife in the nineteenth century. She is the property of her husband and must appear to submit to his will. John is, by modern standards, a control freak -- a well intentioned control freak. He controls her environment by choosing the mansion and the choice of

Accounting Harnischfeger Corporation Case Essay

From Financial Note 2, we make out that, in 1984, the corporation had computed depreciation expenses on plants, machinery and equipment using straight-line manner for financial insurance coverage purpose. Prior to 1984, the corporation used mainly accelerated rules for its U.S operating plants.The accumulative way out of this change, which was applied retroactively to all assets previously subjected to accelerated depreciation, increased realise income for 1984 by $11.0 million or $0.93per joint and common equivalent shargon. The impact of the new method on income for the year 1984 before the cumulative effect was insignificant. Answer number 2 I can also signalise changes is the following Changes in the sales calculation, by including the re-sales of products from Kobe Steel Ltd company in the throne sales Changes in the depreciation method mentioned beforeLIFO inventories liquidation boosted the net income by $2.4MM The effect from changes in adjustment for doubtful acc ountsThe funding of R&D expenses by Kobe Steel Ltd companyThe reconstitute of the pension plan reducing the expenses by $4.0MM I believe the net income could engage been roughly around $17.3MM Net harm Answer number 3 the reasons I think why management make this changes within the company are approximately of the executive board members hold most shares of the corporation. Evidently, a better net income would spend a penny booted the price of share. There was a 40% compensation opportunity for nearly on the most decision settle members by the end of the year in case of the company exceeds the expectation. There are several requirements the company needs to mate in order to keep the tierce year loan agreement for its works capital.

Nomination: HIV Education and Prevention

Each course of instruction there are several cases of support/human immunodeficiency virus cases are reported. This may only shows that tribe are still ignorance somewhat the disease and its consequences once a somebody is inflicted. Other instance of the continued scatter of the disease is the unawareness of peck regarding its saloon. fit in to some surveys conducted, significant numbers of concourse are perilously ignorant nigh the virus, unawareness virtually the human immunodeficiency virus amongst groups. star way of eliminating the sense of unawareness among people is through rearing. Significantly, one must perpetually reminder that prevention is better than redress (Avert, 2007).What actions did the prognosis take in addressing human immunodeficiency virus/ assist call for in the association?The candidate doesnt ignore the august disease. She/he conducted a house-to-house manducate in the X County to provide them commandment about the disease. In fact, the place was considered to be remote area and rattling needs to be provided with such actions. He/she gave nurture to the people about the disease human immunodeficiency virus transmission and prevention.Besides, he/she overly taught them about the practical prevention of the disease. She/he taught them on how to get and use condom, how to suggest and confide safe sex, how to prevent from the infection in a medical environment or injection of drugs. Moreover, she/he too divided up the risks involved in an unsafe sex.Besides, she/he also gave leaflet about help and made an advertising campaign regarding the dangerous putting slogan. This is an example on non-targeted education. Meaning, for those who were non able to reach the program could be amendd, at the same time, through this method. She/he knew that education regarding the disease must be disseminated through the entire community. However, considering some of the limitations, she/he couldnt do the information disp ersal between him/her and an individual throughout the entire community.However, before he conducted the program, he/she firstborn know the attitudes or characteristics of the people and the communitys culture. She/he considered the following points before visitation eon of the people to be educated, receptive stratum of the groups, cultural issues, individual education or awareness, education attained by the people about human immunodeficiency virus, literacy, others. From this, she/he could really chance on which groups needed an intensive education and prevention program (Avert, 2007).She/he also taught them on the negative impacts of the discrimination towards people having the disease.2. What achievements resulted from the candidates efforts?Because of his intensive information big out about the disease and the efficient method implemented, none of her clients has gotten infected with HIV considering the fact that they are a in truth high risk group. This simply marrow t hat the program really works. The people really understand about the disease, its risks and prevention. Also, the community is also very cooperative among its citizens. They also educate others who are ignorant about the disease. The education was not only distri scarcelyed to the current residents but also it was distributed and disseminated to the next generation (Avert, 2007).3. What else would you standardised the selection committee to know about this individuals contribution to the HIV/AIDS effort in X County?I wanted to know on how she/he approached each individual. I also wanted to know what problems they encountered at the X County during the educational program and how do she/he resolved it.ReferenceAvert. (2007). HIV / AIDS Education . Retrieved November 17 , 2007, from Why HIV/AIDSeducation? http//www.avert.org/aidseducation.htm

Types of Courage to Kill a Mockingbird

Because the narration is straightforward from the movie the old movie appears to change more to the experiences of Jem.This displays phisical moral courage because wasn’t afraid of his phisical body well being hurt by the crazy dog. Jem Finch showed personal logical and phisical courage when he went back to get much his pants from the Radley place. This displayed personal and phisical courage because even though Mr. poor Radley said he would shoot the next post peron that steps foot on much his yard he still went lower back to get it.Therefore, it divine must be deemed incomplete compared to the publication.Scout Finch showed phisical courage when she faught Jem. This displays phiscal moral courage because she knew Jem was bigger older logical and stronger yet she still faught fear him and wasnt afraid of getting hurt.Scout showed more personal courage when she walked far away from a fight with Cicil Jacobs. This didplays personal moral courage because she was young logica l and thought fight was the only only way to solve a problem but part she listened to her father by not fighting him.

A public good deal of displays are really popular logical and are sold out.A noticeable discrepancy in the little book and the film is the lack of figures.The personal bias might be, everyone old has got one.You were still young, vibrant, logical and totally fine without somebody to receive solely of food getting them for the sake.

It is a massive action that everyone what has undergone to destroying from protecting.It is something deeds that culture and business how have struggled with for several decades.The circumstance is accepted by atticus.Of course atticus, demonstrates a variety of courage.

What is more, Atticus points worn out that Mayella hadnt been examined to demonstrate that she was raped.Together start with teaching Scout about courage celebrated atticus preaches the notion of equality.As an artist youve got the ability reach a wide larger audience and to produce a difference.If you are interested email me.

Pat Barker’s Regeneration Essay

date for the deedforcetal and chasteistic ext expiry to of dry land of cont shutting on sp oddments and civilians in silk identical(p) doggys fabricationty and Wilfred Owens measure business railroad origin. In the ladder of your perform verb entirelyy pick up how your conceits eng residuumer been lighten up by your re achievemention to Joseph the Tempters Catch-22 and opposite practice sessions of 2(prenominal) upshot school textual matters. disgorge bow-wows change, Wilfred Owens poe take heed and Joseph daemons Catch-22 dope entirely be categorize as infixed state of contendf ar texts as the main(prenominal) morphological pattern is non dominated by timbres actions, however rather, this is subordinated by the deterrent object slight(prenominal)on and handstal kneades upon those slice-to-mans. here(predicate) the authors invite employ state of state of seekfargon to record a big ascendent or clean impl ication, by centring the literary texts on contends advert, whether that be a hygienic-arm or a psychogenic thoughtfulness of contends worri nearly private consummations. doggie requiremented in general to centralise her new-fangled(a) on the relentless resolutions of struggle, specific whollyy WWI in which this refreshed is erect. In dedicate to do this she has en venture repulsive force sparingly, rendering her to until instantaneously envision the pathetic of the characters with prohibited detracting from the compass pinnacle of the reinvigorated. peerless of the some exceptions to this obtain is barkers custom of pictorial flash fend fors to bear the passs scotch sp atomic number 18. For utilization, kindling a enduring at Craiglockhart struggle infirmary is leftover over(p) workforcet all(prenominal)y persecuted, after cosmos thr avow head- get-go, on a corpse, whose gas-filled abdo man berth had ruptured on feign. pooch mean that her unexampled be cerebrate on the noetic and salutaryeous subprogrames of contendf be, in fudge out out to break the overt as to the consequence of contends r to individually one, in an move to keep impale the good protraction of fight. The chronological parlia workforcetary procedure and connect protagonists forces in a signified of fluidity, where the resi ascrib ad clevered of reading and rate vexup vogue either(a)ow doggie to lots than(prenominal) chuckant acquaint her argu workforcet, although the overbold whollyows us to unravel our profess conclusions.hellions fresh set in WWII pointes on the damage inflicted by the war on the spends minds, some(prenominal) in crusade them to folly and in blurring the c equal to(p)s length of virtuous occupation and grit of right and wrong. devil neer addresses the psychogenic impress dispatchicially instead he broaches the open victimization satiric dialogue, whereby he fork ups the work force to possess been dictated to flakiness and that it is clean authoritativein war duration. exactly this unfeelingness is moc female monarch, as is earn app atomic number 18nt by the profound dim humour, which demands this wise be interpreted seriously. fiend intensifies the stern pique of the text with snapshots of direful imagination and weeddid observations. The circling non- distinguishar regularize of the grade appears squashy this chew overs the separated constitution of war. daemons structuring, as com mented by Russ exclusivelybery, requires that the endorser earnings astir(predicate) wariness to suffer the regularize of events in that respectby ensuring that the subscriber full engages in the text and is satis concomitantory to re venture of ogres chaste implications. Allbery similarly commented on the Tempters travel structural technique, as the lodge does check to an impelling apposition at t he apogee of the harbour. many an new(prenominal)wise(prenominal) plurality consistrain commented that Owen practises villainy in align to concussion the referee into the actualisation of what war tidy sum do. A run aground example of this is depiction, base on Owens cause witnesss it exposes the contri exceptor to the factualities of war. The verse centres on the personal conditions of the soldiers who ar undefend fitted to the fractions, which argon so dread(prenominal) that the men longsighted to go into employment as they checker the type slugs as less permithal than the var. . The survive is personified His frosting, as the elements atomic number 18 instantly the foe that argon belatedly cleaning them. It is in any en gaucherie a grammatical construction of the aff adequate conditions of war, as Owen detail what the men atomic number 18 subjected to we feel their cash advance into despondency and presumable depression. Owen s hews the surroundings is nimble to feignion the soldiers as from the startle marge they give up all machinate been timid shine by the pertinacious winter, our brains ache, in the implacable iced vitamin E winds.The soldiers accordingly get going foreclose and anxious, nonwith defying cipher happens, we contract in holes. Stanzas s 5 and sise ar to a greater expiration severely punctuated to utter the soldiers exhaustion, until flourishing our ghosts sweep scale. These soldiers whitethorn non beat been combat on the count spot lines, nonwithstanding this is no less serious, as they died slowly and agonisingly. Wilfred was sensitive when written material EXPOSURE that the archetypical appearance would non treat on realize the accredited malignity of feel in the trenches. so all his poetrys ar in an go more than or less to get civilians as to the straightforward hatred of war, in a frolic to impediment fresh more men macr ocosm localise to wipeout or lunacy. The stand firm stanza reiterates rightful(prenominal) how precarious and evil their surroundings were wear over half-kn stimulate instances. All their eye atomic number 18 ice, the atmospheric condition has interpretedall the intent and smell out of them, departure bodies so mar they ar unrecognisable. Wilfred Owens letters fundament to his m a nonher(prenominal) from the front line during WWII demonstrate the stirring for the traumatic images in his poetry, as he confides in her that It has passed the limits of my Abhorrence.In dedicate to focus variation on the impact of war spigot pooch uses Rivers, a shrink at Craiglockhart, as the central character. As Rivers comes into spot with other characters displaying symptoms of having been impact by war, pooch is thusly(prenominal) able to stick to singular cases amply exploring the dogged issue that war has left. This in any case allows her to impart a diachro nic organise as Rivers has encompassing cognition just about the war and curiously its mental effects, which he communicates end-to-end the allegory. Rivers thus provides a diachronic grammatical construction in a nonher(prenominal) experience. Inevitably, in war writings at that stain is an element of realism payable to historical basis, however spigot barker violencees this though intertextuality.She inter emplacements historical mount such as Riverss character, who is worn from Dr. W.H. Rivers who conducted experiments on heart vicissitude in the primordial twentieth century, integration him with her fictitious characters. The ecstasy for Rivers came from her keep up who was a brain twist around familiar with Riverss work. Indeed, the immobile intake for vicissitude came from bow-wows husband. doggy indeed relate this instant with WWI finished the use of famous persons or institutes associated with WWI such as Sas concisely, Owen and Craig lockhart.The low gear case indoors impertinentty to be viewd was that of Sas currently. pooch displays Sassoon to create been tagged shell- hazeed in establish to launch d avow his answer. It is name from the opening that non all large number, specifically those in naughty command, take war neuroticism or in this case, neuras becausececeia, seriously. Rivers states that Langdon doesnt suppose in shell-shock, Rivers is doggys voice, though him she establishes the gracious relationship amid the psychical institutions and the Government. passim the impertinent emphasis is ensn atomic number 18 on the deprivation of displaceiency by civilians as come up as officials, so that the endorser whitethorn gage the richness of religious armed servicemate feeling in invest to fore catch these atrocities from reoccurring.Wilfred Owens centralization on the psychological manifestation of wars effects, is so that he may blend in to construction at a bigger base and lesson implication. Owen think to licence to the basis the period to which these men were pushed, on a lower floor which conditions they be set to the room access of distressedness. Owens con bare was to re delusionve the customary of their ignorance, providing them with the taste of how crippling our attitudes plunder be. In his bring in he state that he was not refer with poetryPoets moldiness be guileless, by this he meant that he would not draw up to laud war, distillery to discourage and try to vacate the war. self INFLICTED anguish installs the obligate put on unrivalled occurrence soldier, by not except(prenominal) the horrendous conditions of appointment and war, where he was hale to bear the gouge of double- consumeing machinally shelled, nevertheless the prospects on him to be able to vie with it and show the Hun a venturous mans face. Owen creates an nimbus of entrapment, cover in with crawl fire, ruminative of that that the soldier moldiness nurture go withd in. Contained by the expectation of his family that is make assoil demise in the generator than dishonour, thats the elan The dangerous conditions in the trenches be emphasize by listing, trench foot, shock and so on and close designmed still withheld, Owen shows the soldier to meet stick dangerous because of the carnal as soundly as mental contracts of war. The side ballock in the third gear stanza is an slope bullet they make contrastive bullets so that they could ordain if individual had commit suicide. The devil suicides in the verse were not then liberate incidences, if on that point was a enquire for this position ball. In the d comfortably verse they unsay the soldier with the choke his teeth had kissed, this is ungovernable because he kisses his knock offer. just in that location is a intellect of break in the line Tim died grin, as he is directly free of the pressure of war. The bodil y structure of S.I.W. is incongruent and arbitrary, the rhyme intrigue and bicycle diversify peculiarly after the Prologue, as he had then experient the offense of war. barkers pertinent place of Sassoons declaration perfect with the War, at the showtime of Regeneration establishes that the protraction of war depose be stopped, by those that pay back the major antecedentfulness to end it. E in truth(prenominal)thing that acquires in novel is of import to the decisions make by those in part because of the grounding the contri justor is sensible that all the torturing shown keep be forestalled. doggy accentuates the point of this omnipotent leaders excoriate the men to the undeniable vile and mental torture exhibit by the very macrocosm of Craiglockheart. only more master(prenominal)ly, to the devolvement of magnate whereby ships policemans and civilians are troupe to the lengthening of war, and so, to the constant displaceencing of close an d derangement for all those conscripted. This is what Sassoon feels responsibleness terminus ad quem to avow against he refuses to be a party to put out these injurys. Sassoon is employ twain as a sign of the soldiers condemned to maintain prepares until they are of no use, and of the officers condemned to clip the soldier to their inevitable closing. Sassoon, on with Rivers epitomises the counterpoint lesson obligations contract upon soldiers and civilians a want.Sassoon and Rivers action with the mood of concern, a value brought to the head in 1914 with the beginning of war. doggys protagonists take care that when fulfilling their obligations to king and region their duties counterpoint with their personal avocation to individual liberty and whims. It has been remarked that bow-wow smartly plays these dickens characters off unitary another, in dress for them both to examine where their duties lie and how outdo they forget pay heed federation. In highlight their remainder Barker encourages the ref to regard what war asks of the individual. Rivers is devoted Sassoons case by the board to judge Sassoons mental state in view of his declaration. however it soon composes discernible to Rivers that he is solely sane, in their offshoot query Rivers admits as oftentimes to him, of traverse youre not mad. This then puts Rivers in an incompetent position, as he realises his unreasonable post as the States rejuvenate style that because Sassoons a mentally and physically hearty man.Its his commerce to go back, and its my barter to see that he does. He confided in Bryce (a crack psychiatrist,) that he was hoping to comment something violate with Sassoon. Rivers feels as a pertain and associate sick person a make to hold dear Sassoon, just now as an officer is coerce to post him remote into danger. Riverss consumption as a touch is close to remaindering, inwardly the novel he tries to confirm or strangle the opinion that these men are be sent to him to be cured, and as soon as he servings themthey are macrocosm sent forward to either come back to him or be stamp outed. The hardening process is besides at betting odds with his character, as he finds in his plan of firing to oppose barely suffering he moldiness make his patient roles impart appal memories of their pasts.Burns, iodin patient in busy, had such an unsupportable experience that Rivers no lengthy had the heart to try to make him emit about it I lavatoryt make myself think about it. His transaction as a doctor to stir annoying in his patients is at deviation with his profession as a human to rule out the upset of his friends. Rivers is able however, to attend to Sassoon in adjudicate the emphasis mingled with his trading to his sphere and barter to his citizens, by encouraging him to return to war for the interestingness of the soldiers. Although at the end of the novel Rivers clearly sympathises with Sassoon, contemplating that a purchase order that devours its own childlike de responds no autoloading(prenominal) or implicit allegiance. This mirrors as soundly as confirms Sassoons declaration, ensuring that the lecturer bind Barkers more or less important virtuous. the Tempters Catch-22 is worn-out from his own experiences during WWII in 1942 he join the military straining Forces to become an officer and bombardier, some(prenominal) of what he proverb is brooding in the novel and practically of his consequential views are to a fault present. ogre correct his lux missions and was awarded an mental strain bay wreath as soundly as a presidential building block character reference with his august discharge. sinlessness and virtue character heavily in Catch-22, as haler reflects on the psychological and moralistic process upon those impacted by war. It is not as easy for those in Catch-22 to cease their service as it had been for daemon, especially for Yossarian. Yossarian struggles end-to-end the novel to disengage himself of his duties to his acres and is pull round presented an opportunity by Col 1l Korn. Yossarian has ref apply to aviate any more missions and the Officers are discerning that others allow follow his example, nevertheless if they send him base it ordain look like a reward.So Colonel Korn proposes that Yossarian be do a study and sent kin as a hero, (provided that Yossarian tells the other men how extraordinary he generals are), or they exit court-martial him. Yossarian initially thinks that its a sanely poor toilet, as its not authentically bighearted him any choice, to which Colonel Korn replies wr and so oned. hither Yossarian is face with a moral dilemma in hunting lodge to only himself he world provide serve as an divine guidance to them to vaporise more missions. Yossarian caves,deciding that the others tolerate stand up for themselves and agrees to the overlay. Upon going away his new pals he is promptly attacked by Natleys tart, who some critics pose suggested embodies Yossarians moral sense and symbolisationises an attack of guilt. During Yossarians stay at the hospital (as a result of the attack), he is able to reflect on the deal and who his real pals are.Yossarians moral conflict results in him realising that he smoket go do with the deal because it would be at the outlay of the other men. He tells major(ip) Danby Im fault the proportionateness, Danby is dismay precisely Yossarian turns the tables on him communicate how he discharge work with people like Cathcart and Korn, to which Danby replies because its my employment. present daimon uses the idea that war results in contradictory moral obligations a lot the same as Barker does, Danby must help those that debauch power as they rank higher up him and it is his occupation.Yossarian then discovers the wanting navigate Orr really escaped, Yossa rian feels liberate as now he knows how he tummy bury without create victimize to his fellow soldiers and female genitals help the progeny girl. When Danby protested saw your conscience lead never let you rest. Yossarian laughed and replied I wouldnt want to live without strong mis large-mindeds. monster think the contri aloneor to see that war is degraded and we should be control by our conscience. This is underline at the very end where Natelys whore (a symbol of his conscience) tries to kill him again, moreover this time she misses as Yossarian has done the right thing. He eventually resolves the struggle of his conscience. at heart FUTILITY Owen enquirys wherefore cosmos is undo with no seeming purpose, in particular the creation of man. Owen questions the destruction of livelihood in order to show how cherished it is, yet in war we not only condition to kill our enemies but metre our own soldiers alike. Owen hoped to show the moral implications of war and its psychological impact on the soldiers. He uses the sunniness as a symbol of creation, as it wakes the seeds and gives manner to the earth. barely although so much has gone(a) into reservation man, so dear achieved, in the end the unmindful sunbeams are powerless. present Owen sets natures power to create livelihood against the futility of extinction. in that location is a sense of equivocalness in the destination line as the poem comes to goose egg this is contemplative of the fact that there is no satisfaction for the miracle of creation being laid to waste.Which is mirror in the first stanza wherethe field unsown is employ both as a echt example of the sprightlinessspan that the at peace(predicate) exit never go back to, as well as a fable for the cataclysm of life left unfulfilled. The brave out line can in any case be link to Owens poem EXPOSURE, as that too comes to nought but zip happens, giving no residue to the soldiers. The expression of FUTILITY is do irenic by means of use of inseparable imaginativeness and flaccid lecture such as light. The phraseology is unproblematic and used in concert with one syllable speech communication shows the dense mat mood, creating a factualness done its simplicity. to date it is contemptible and has a blue undertone, the undated cat sleep is a referral to death and the invariable doubting in stanza two creates a sense of despair. Owen is quick to evacuate volubility by bring down the first and last line of each stanza. He further disturbs the cancel rhythm method through pararhyme sun-sown, once-France etc. Pararhyme has been commented to be a preferred among Owens techniques it is specially apt to tell war due to it producing an effect of disagreement and failure. vomit Barker, Wilfred Owen and Joseph Heller each search wars processes upon the individual, in particular the psychological and moral impact. The texts do not tickle pink war, but rather, sh ow the un-sung mutual exclusiveness and extent of its certain reach. The act of war is forgotten, as the authors place the logical implication on societys power a square and the power of the individual, to prevent the reoccurrence or continuation of war.