Measures of Healthy Urbinisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Proportions of Healthy Urbinisation - Essay Example Joined country has additionally considered the relocation pattern of individuals and has made a conjecture about the total populace continuously 2030. As indicated by the figure report the total populace is relied upon to increment by 2 billion continuously 2030 and out of all out increment of 2 billion individuals 1.9 billion individuals are required to live in urban communities (United Nations: World Urbanization Prospectus, 2000). The move in populace from country to urban areas and towns will likewise be answerable for certain wellbeing influences and it will be intriguing to know the effect of urbanization on medical problems. All things considered there are different components that may impact the wellbeing results and an old investigation have shown the social and practical variables are answerable for unforeseen weakness results (Faris and Dunham, 1939). In the current investigation a couple of positive and negative wellbeing results from urbanization have been summed up. The finding of various specialists changes for a particular wellbeing result and if the effect is certain for a city it isn't really be the equivalent for another city. A couple of key variables have likewise been distinguished and discussed that as I would like to think are fundamental necessity for sound urbanization. Wellbeing in urban communities during nineteenth and twentieth century: Some analysts accepted that a portion of the elements, for example, populace thickness, contamination, and wrongdoing in urban areas disintegrated wellbeing during the mid nineteenth century (Power et al, 2001) and simultaneously a need mental wellness level particularly in provincial non-metropolitan regions in Australia is discussed (Fraser et al, 2002). Numerous Asian researchers and specialists thought about that the urban populace is connected to the unexpected frailty particularly in mid nineteenth century (Lee, 2001). All these clinical and wellbeing experts, scientists and researchers began exploring the urban day to day environments and the connection between the wellbeing and the encompassing conditions. With the improvement of day to day environments in a portion of the creating urban communities particularly the clean conditions, the specialists found a gigantic improvement in wellbeing conditions in numerous European and North American urban areas (Hamblin, 1998). The other significant conditions answerable for improving wellbeing conditions remember the improvement for drinking water and vaccination of populace for contaminations. Wellbeing conditions in urban areas began improving before nineteenth century's over or mid twentieth century and individuals in urban areas today have preferable wellbeing conditions over the non-urban regions. A portion of the urban areas in explicit districts of the world developing at quicker pace and in this way it is actually a test for the administration authorities to give better sanitation, drinking water and lodging to the new vagrants so wellbeing all in all don't crumble here. Principle Challenges for metro specialists: In my conclusion the primary test for community specialists is to control the irresistible sicknesses that for the most part begins inside the urban areas and spread out rapidly starting with one city then onto the next. In the ongoing past we have seen numerous irresistible ailments spreading at various spans in various piece of the world. Such irresistible sicknesses including winged creature pipe, SARS, HIV and jungle fever are increasingly normal and have presented dangers to the huge number of individuals in our general public. Despite the fact that winged animal vent and SARS were controlled rapidly, anyway the perils in not so distant future can't be precluded. HIV is an incredible medical issue. A total

Immigration And The Uk Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Migration And The Uk Economy - Essay Example The main necessity one must have so they can appreciate the jobseekers recompense is that one must be living in the UK, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man or the Republic of Ireland for a quarter of a year preceding creation a case for Jobseeker’s remittance (Ciupijus, 2011). Thinking about this, in excess of 30,000 individuals from Slovakia, Latvia, Poland, Romania, and Lithuania guarantee joblessness benefits in the UK, the exploration uncovered. After an individual fulfills the test in the UK, at that point that individual can guarantee Jobseekers Allowance of up to  £ 72.41 ($116) week after week for a solitary individual,  £113.70 for a couple (Hatton and Tani, 2005). The worker winds up costing the British citizens  £5B every year in charge credits. New figures show nearly  £100 million seven days is spent on the 415,000 individuals and instances of jobless foreigners. Appropriately, there are outside nationals who work in Britain who are profiting by the insta llments another investigation has uncovered. We likewise have joblessness as another impact of movement as specified above in this. High joblessness rates Most of the outsiders who go to the UK have low aptitudes or expert preparing while others are talented (Freeman, 2015). Those that are talented wind up taking employments of the UK locals who might have taken the occupations however because of lower aptitudes or expert preparing they were stayed away from for the occupations. The semi-gifted migrants are likewise ready to work at an a lot lesser compensation when contrasted with their partners (Dustmann, Frattini and Preston, 2013).

Analysis for the article The touch screen generation Essay

Investigation for the article The touch screen age - Essay Example She additionally examines the changing outlook of guardians at the new turn of events, who rather being doubtful, have decided to elevate their youngsters to adroit themselves to advanced innovation (Rosin, 2013). The article begins with the author’s visit to an advanced media meeting of the kids game engineers in California. It is obvious from the initial exchange that the application developers’ demographic are babies, which is a reason for worry to the creator (Rosin, 2013). Rosin refers to American Academy of Pediatrics worry over the extreme introduction of electronic media on the developing kids (Rosin, 2013). The creator communicates with guardians to know their perspectives on the intuitive media innovation. A parent who is an educator reveals to her that she has banished rules for game playing for her youngsters. She has fixed â€Å"no screen time,† (Rosin, 2013). The fixing of game playing times has made her get some information about standard procedures of playing e-games. The most stunning disclosure was that the guardians were happy to give not more than â€Å"half an hour a day,† (Rosin, 2013). In this way, guardians appear to be stressed over the impa cts of the new age innovation (Rosin, 2013). The term â€Å"digital natives† (Rosin, 2013) authored by Marc Prensky is talked about with regards to new advancements, for example, iPads and contact screen mechanical gadgets (Rosin, 2013). The gadgets have now been found in the hands of little children as intends to â€Å"mollify, mollify or in any case engage them,† (Rosin, 2013). Jane Healy has gone to the degree of considering this circumstance a â€Å"zombie effect,† (Rosin, 2013). Be that as it may, the analysts, for example, Kirokorian from University of Wisconsin at Madison, are contemptuous of the alert raised. Presently the specialists state kids have gotten so adjusted to the medium that at two years old youngsters become â€Å"very subjectively active,† (Rosin, 2013). The other perspective on improvement might be that computerized innovation is encouraging

John Lewis Environment Forces Essay Example

John Lewis Environment Forces Paper John Lewis, one of auxiliaries of John Lewis Partnership (SLP), propelled its first store in Loon’s Oxford Street in 1864. The organization at that point has actualized the natural developed methodology, seeking after a powerful business and corporate system. It has been fruitful by settling on the privilege key choices exhaustive powerful activity (Reagan and Sheboygan, 2012). By 201 2, the firm turns into the biggest worldwide retail establishment retailer in the I-J, with 30 retail establishments and 9 John Lewis at home, giving Fashion, Home, Electronic items and Home Technology variety. It advertised that benefit before charge in 201 2 was E 15. 8 million, practically triple of that 10 years prior (John Lewis buddy interval report, 2012). Be that as it may, achievement can't just be estimated In term of account, yet in addition in term of stakeholders’ satisfaction. John Lewis accomplished Britain’s Favorite Retailer Awards for the fourth back to back year in 2011 and numerous different honors. This paper is going to utilize ecological powers to clarify the accomplishments of John Lewis more than 1 50 years. The work contains principally three sections: large scale natural power concentrating on four focuses, at that point moving to two components in smaller scale condition and end. Large scale natural powers Macro-condition is otherwise called outside condition which influences business choice in different manners and which can encroach on the change of the firm, yet additionally on the procedure of assets securing and on the creation and utilization of yield (Worthington and Britton, 2009). These powers can shape and moderate the conduct of all partners in the market including contenders, providers, clients and workers. The large scale powers are regularly composed into political/legitimate, monetary, environmental/physical, social/social and innovation (Kettle et al. , 201 0, p. 1 54). We will compose a custom exposition test on John Lewis Environment Forces explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on John Lewis Environment Forces explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on John Lewis Environment Forces explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer So as to explain its impact viably, the market analysts orchestrate them into hardly any models, for example, PASTEL, DIPPIEST. This paper will apply the PEST model to consider: Political, Economic, Social-social and Technology impacts on the achievement of John Lewis. Political and Legal In request to foresee and accomplish monetary destinations, the administration endeavors to have some authority over business condition. To recuperate the economy from the downturn, the Bank of England has generally set up the loan fee at under 2% since 2008. It plans to convince purchasers that setting aside cash is less appealing as less premium is gotten and it additionally lessen he installment on contracts and different credits. Property holders, thus, have progressively optional pay, bringing about spending on other customer merchandise (Pain, 2009). In addition, the low rate which implies little consequently, will build customer trust in buying since cost of products purchased in credit is less fortunate. Despite the fact that the lion's share items in John Lewis are exceptionally pay flexibility like electrical and furniture merchandise which are progressively costly contrasting with them Of different retailers, for example, Deadbeats, the low intrigue supported the deals of the stores, along these lines significantly help performing during the downturn. The electrical and home mechanical deals in John Lewis ascended by 13% in 2009, for the most part from TV deals (Pain, 2009). Since 2012, British government has urged organizations to rehearse Employee Share Ownership Plan (ESP.) which is offering offers to representatives with the point of encouraging inspiration, consequently developing and improving ef ficiency (BBC News, 201 AAA). This procedure has been as of now rehearsed by Sir John Speeds Lewis, originator of JELL_p, numerous years back and present as an interesting figure of Jell_p. The presentation of Nick College Deputy Minister of Britain, central as a regular case of magnificent worker claimed organization that is having an extraordinary reference and commitment towards the UK economy, has been again fortified. Since government notice of SLP as an effective model of ESP., it can expand the notoriety of the Partnership. In term of explicit consequences for John Lewis Department Store, this respect is a colossal advancement on national level, so empowering to keep up clients steadfastness and draw in progressively potential clients which will profit its drawn out development. Financial matters The money related emergency in 2008 caused the disappointment for some organizations across numerous nations on the planet, including the SKI. Be that as it may, the Very low premium ate, referenced above, assisted John Lewis with surviving in light of the fact that the low rate will expand business certainty, subsequently more speculations are made. This is on the grounds that the profits on the future techniques appear to surpass intrigue installments that must be made on acquired assets. For example, with the E million for 6-week TV promoting effort, the organization had the option to succeed even in the downturn as its gross deals expanded by 2. 8% during the crusade. Helping the organization endure and extend, another retail establishment in Cardiff speaks to John Lexis’s strong position in any event, during the unforgiving financial condition (John Lewis Partnership yearly report and records). Besides, United Kingdom is one of the nations which have high GAP on the planet, with the GAP in 201 1 of $2. Trillion and $37, 1 00 for every capita (Central Intelligence Agency 2012). Subsequently, it affirms that UK showcase with its solid buying force and expectation for everyday comforts makes focal points for each business, especially in retail division. Solid buying force will build interest for products and enterprises in the market, consequently the firm can utilize this favorable circumstances to augment benefit (Egret and Kettle, 1999). Thus, John Lewis can profit by buying power so as to create more deals and increment the benefit. Furthermore, John Lexis’s items are somewhat higher in value due to its quality, be that as it may, it despite everything has capacity to make up their cost to boost the benefit and contend with different firms. It is on the grounds that the high salary and expectation for everyday comforts permit individuals to have more cash in their spending plan, henceforth for clients effectively tolerating a little change in cost. Thus, with serious valuing, all out deals at John Lewis rose 6. 7% and 21 % ascend in working benefit in 2009 (Gordon, 2010). Socio-social The accomplishment in youngsters deals are influenced by the segment change in the UK, including populace and age structure. The populace in Britain has been becoming continually throughout the decade, coming to around 63. 2 million out of 2011, 4 million more than recorded in 2001 (BBC News, 201 AAA). This, thus influences John Lewis toys, nursery and child deals that took off to 10. 3% in 2012 as John Lewis is popular for its particular kids game, Logo (Holland, 2012). As indicated by an ongoing BBC News, in 2011 the quantity of infants conceived in England was the most elevated since 1971 , expecting another record-breaking in 2012 (BBC News, 2013). There measurements from BBC News (201 20 showed that there has been an ascent in future in the UK with 16. % of individuals over matured 65, the most elevated record in any enumeration, because of high expectation for everyday comforts. An exploration guarantees that develop individuals will in general spend more on their grandkids as opposed to on them and less on extravagance merchandise (Access financial aspects, 2001 Hence, it is exceptionally demonstrated that the more conceived infants and high maturing populace will prompt more prominent interest for children’s items, for example, toys, henceforth expanding deals on John Lewis when all is said in done. Then again, way of life can obviously influence people’s mentalities and practices Worthington and Britton, 2009, p. 144). The commonness of web makes another way of life wherein individuals grasp interpersonal organizations to impart. Understanding the quick spreading ‘culture’ informal organizations, for example, Backbone and Twitter in network, John Lewis has utilized them to find new pattern, subsequently stay in contact with clients. In the wake of propelling John Lexis’s Backbone page in 2010, today it has almost 400,000 adherents (The Marketing Society, 2013). With such an enormous measure of individuals associating with the firm, the systems can be utilized for showcasing reason which is boundlessly savvy rather than other publicizing apparatuses. John Lewis, for instance, can educate its devotees effectively about advancement and deal period, wanting to support deal. Innovation The rise of the web underpins firms to construct and keep up client relationship by online exercises which may help the trading of thoughts, items and administrations (Mohammed et al. , 2001 refered to by Gay et al. 2007, p. 6). These days, individuals are busier so in-store shopping is less and less appealing or they would prefer not to be in the huge number during top occasions, for example, Christmas. Web based shopping, which can substitute the conventional technique, can assist purchasers with purchasing at whenever and anyplace. In this way, with the accommodation, johnnies. Com is a significant component of John Lexis’s achievement. There was only 27. 2% expanded deals, contrasted with that in 2010, on johnnies. Com, representing 19% of aggregate in 2011 while the online deals rose by 40% in 2012, representing 25% of all out organization income (John Lewis buddy interval report 2011 , p. 6 and 201 2, p. 6). These figures express a noteworthy improvement of online deals for the past two years. The John Lewis site, furthermore, gives all data about items, for example, value, use presentation, so it isn't fundamental for clients to visit stores for gadget in this way sparing time. It accomplished the â€Å"Best Online Retail† of 201 0 led by Verdict Research (John Lewis), consequently reinforcing the picture. Small scale ecological fo

My Tips for Budgeting Saving as a College Student

My Tips for Budgeting Saving as a College Student Ah, the life of a broke college student. With all of the living expenses thrown your way, financial literacy is an important skill to master during your time at college. Of course, everyone’s financial background and situation is different, but regardless, it is important to learn how to budget and save your money responsibly early on in your adult life. Over the past few years, I have learned just how beneficial and critical it is to develop sound money spending and saving habits now so that I will be less likely to make any grave money mistakes in the future. But saving money is daunting in college. Most college students do not have a large income, and it often seems like every payday you’re left with $10 after paying your bills, setting aside money for school-related purchases like books, and buying groceries. There are ways, though, to budget your money in a way that allows you to pay for all of your essential needs and still have some money leftover for saving (and fun purchases too!) One trick I’ve adapted to help me save money in college is getting an automatic savings app. At the end of last year, I downloaded the app Digit, which pulls money out of my account Monday through Friday and saves it for me in the app. What I love about Digit is that it learns your spending habits, particularly any bills or monthly payments you regularly make. The app then uses this information to make sure that it doesn’t take too much money out of your account if it knows that you have any bills coming up! Digit also allows you to pause saving whenever you want and set a low balance protection plan so that it doesn’t save any money for you if your account is below the dollar amount you set (if your account drops below this amount, it also will pull some of your saved money and put it back into your account.) While the app is $2.99 a month, I have found that it has helped me save money quickly without even having to do anything! Digit ensures that I am always saving money, and it made saving a lot less intimidating as well! Another budgeting tactic I use is buying cheaper alternatives when it comes to household essentials such as paper towels, trash bags, etc. Finding less expensive brands and stores that sell quality items is a great way to save money! Grocery shopping at Aldis and buying non-name brand household items that do not need to be the highest quality has allowed me to have extra money every month to save and to spend on the things that I like to treat myself to, like Starbucks and going out to eat with my friends. Determining what items are worth the splurge and what you can cut back on is one of the simplest and cheapest ways to budget your money in a smarter way. It costs you nothing and also helps you cut out any unnecessary expenses! I’ve also learned that it’s important to realize that there is no good or bad amount of money to save. Saving is saving, so if you can only afford to save $5 every two weeks, do that! Having some money set aside for emergencies and large expenses will always be better than having no money saved at all. Just be sure that you never save more money than you can afford. You might have to adjust your savings amount if your bills increase or you have a big payment coming up, but never let the amount discourage you from saving and budgeting your money. ?? Taylor Class of 2021 Hey y’all, I’m a History and Gender and Women Studies double major and a French minor from Chicago! I concentrate in all things Black and Black women studies and love long-distance running.

Fiction Book Report Writing Help

Fiction Book Report Writing Help Fiction Book Report Writing Help Writing a fiction book report, as well as a non-fiction book report on various topics is part of school coursework. While a non-fiction book report would be interesting and educational, writing fiction book reports is a great adventure. After all, with fiction book reports, you have the opportunity to be extremely creative. If you have time and expertise to do the writing, great but if not, hiring a professional academic writer would help. Typically, a fiction book report is on a topic assigned by the teacher or one relating to the course being taken. Often, students are given a lot of leeway in choosing the topic for the fiction book report, helping to keep them focused on producing an outstanding paper. Regardless, to make the process easier and less stressful, we recommend you download a fiction book report form from a reputable website and then follow the provided outline. For instance, a science fiction book report could be on alien invasion, scientific experiments, life on other planets, or the making of science fiction movies. After choosing the topic to write about in your fiction book report, start researching while making sure to extract information on the main characters and storyline, but also unique details that would make for a more compelling report. Another example would be writing a historical fiction book report. For a fiction book report of this type, you might focus on inaccuracies associated with historical fiction movies to include Spartacus. You could also write about King Arthur or various comic book characters. For a fiction book report on science, history book report, or any other venue, certain guidelines must be followed to ensure a high grade. When writing a fiction book report, the most effective method is to divide the report into two parts. By doing this, the reader would recognize various fictional elements of the storyline to include plot, characters, voice, etc but also basic information pertaining to the era and environment in which the story took place. By creating a fiction book report with division at the beginning, you would then pull these two elements together toward the end for a powerful paper.

How The Utilities Industry Changed The Us And Gis Essay

12/12/2016 Utilities in the US and GIS GIS is critical to the utilities industry in the US. It allows them to perform mundane tasks that they are required to perform with new levels of ROI (return on investment), safety, and man-hour efficiency. It also allows them to save the taxpayer a substantial sum of money yearly, and also the ability to remain profitable while billing for less. In this paper, I will first discuss some of the basic ways that the utilities industry in the US is using GIS to achieving all of these things, then into each part of the electrical utilities industry and then delve into some of the more technical items used by the industry and their function within the industry as a whole. Geography, as defined in the Cambridge dictionary is â€Å" the study of features and systems of the earth’s surface, including continents, mountains, seas, weather, and plant life, and of the ways in which countries and people organize life within an area.†(3) Therefore, I think it is important to defi ne the history of electricity to give perspective, and its physical properties on a smaller scale to help understand larger concepts from a power engineering perspective. Unfortunately, there is a lot of relevant information to cover before GIS is brought into fruition. Electricity had always been in a rather elementary and simple form of static electricity, until people discovered we could harness its properties to conduct work, light spaces and various other uses.Show MoreRelatedGeographic Information Systems2343 Words   |  9 PagesInformation System (GIS) stores and links non-graphic attributes of geographically referenced data with graphic map features allowing for a wide range of information processing and display operations, as well as map production, analysis, and modeling. A working GIS is composed of hardware, software, data, people, and a set of methods. Using these components a GIS is capable of storing, manipulating, and managing data, then subsequently analyzing, visualizing, and modeling the data. GIS origins lie inRead MoreESRI Essay6995 Words   |  28 Pagesa privately held, debt free, company that is a global leader in Geographical Information Systems (GIS) software used for visualization and analysis of geographic data by institutional users across the globe. ESRI has pioneered this technology for four decades as it pursued its founder leader Jack Dangermond’s mission to change the world by making it spatially enabled. Since 2000, the world has changed. The new Internet companies have put electronic maps with live data and interactivity on the internetRead MoreImpact of Operational Risk in Banking5445 Words   |  22 PagesRISK IN BANKING ASSIGNMENT: SUBMISSION OF PROJECT WORK CHAPTER ONE Email:hamsasons@yahoo.com CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction This chapter reviews relevant literature on Standard Chartered Bank Ghana Limited, the Ghanaian Banking Industry, Regulation and Basel II, and Operation Risk Management (ORM). 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The bottom industries are Housewares amp;Read MoreThe Delta Forces Causing Change in Human Resource Management6706 Words   |  27 PagesI CHAPTER1 \ ~. ., The DELTAForces Causing Change in Human ResourceManagement Allen 1.Kraut Abraham K. Korman The world ofwork in which human resource management (HRM) operates has changed dramatically in thelast half century. Not surprisingly, therefore, the HRM concepts and practices being created and carried Ollt today are also increasingly different from those of the past. Planners and practitioners who understand this and who also have a way LOanticipate the comingRead MoreFederal Prisons And Its Effects On The United States3590 Words   |  15 Pagesdiversity of a prison. Being the top Corrections management, they make a lot of money. They do pay taxes as they are a private industry but, the money they make in profit does not go back into the government so it may or may not really be a good idea to keep private prisons. All the money they make goes into their pockets and even though they make an effort to show how many great programs they have in prisons, if they put half as much money into the systems as they keep for themselves then the country’sRead MoreA Needs Assessment Survey in a Gastroenterology Endoscopy Community of Practice12128 Words   |  49 Pagesexpansion of Internet connectivity around the world. Relationship of Literature Gap to Capstone Project Some of the identified gaps in the literature will frame the structural elements, professional networking preferences, and delivery format of how to design and implement the first phase of the gastroenterology endoscopy CoP project. A needs assessment survey will elicit these elements. Learning, exchange of information, and knowledge are important features of a CoP. In the case of the needs assessmentRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pagesimportance of the statement of purpose increases, as Robert M. Brown notes, at institutions with strong mentoring programs ―because it is the only place where an applicant can elaborate a research interest to the extent that faculty members can judge how well that interest dovetails with their ownâ€â€" (245). Identify graduate programs that specialize in your area or areas of interest. Remember, your statement should mention a specific program and perhaps even target a subdivision or an area within that

The Great Apostle Paul and the Law Essay - 2206 Words

The Great Apostle Paul and The Law Who is this Apostle Paul and why is he so important in the way we refer to the Law? The discovery of who Paul is seems to strike most new believers as surprising and refreshing. Giving them the ability to dig into part of the Bible’s past. Conclusions to these findings make the words of God comprehendible. Thus, the problem is not that there is something wrong with the Law; rather, what Paul criticizes is the wrong attitude toward the Law. (Koperski) Paul’s past is full of dark, sorrowful moments that evolve into a story of light, hope, and structure. The presence of the Lord helps Paul become one of the most known writers in the New Testament, the Holy Bible. His greatest contribution consists†¦show more content†¦John Drane makes an intriguing statement in his book Paul: Libertine or Legalist. He mentions that Paul’s writings weren’t written with the intentions of being read. Does this explain why Paul’s words are perplexing? (D rane) Galatians is a letter to the churches of Galatia. Purpose of the letter is to warn churches of deceptive teachers. It was also to argue that Gentile Christians did not have to take part in the Jewish Law. (Kuula) Paul wrote to remind them of the message of salvation. How to live in a way that follows the Lord and the Lord only. In attempts to understand his justification of the Law, it is important to identify the urgency of the letter. Judaizers were in constant movement to have Galatians repent against Paul. Paul’s battle was primarily with Judaizers and their attempts to pull Galatians from the ways of the Law and the Lord. They accused him of â€Å"watering down† his gospel in order to please a specific audience. According to Colin G. Kruse, he needed to prove both his independence and validity. Without the following of Galatians, how was he to teach the Law? (Kruse) Throughout the book of Galatians, Paul referees to circumcision on many occasions. The term of circumcision is not always to be taken literally. In the Jewish community, circumcision is a physical act of removing the foreskin around the penis. In accordance to the New Testament, it is â€Å"the feast of Circumcision of Chris†. (Oxford) ThisShow MoreRelatedThe Influence of Paul the Apostle663 Words   |  3 PagesPaul the Apostle is considered to be the most influential of the early members of the Christian church, along with Simon Peter and James the Just. Saint Paul is said to have been born around AD 5, and considered to have died about AD67, though the Bible does not record his death specifically. The epistles written by Paul to the churches were plainly and sharply worded. 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He is mentioned 154 times with the nickname Petros, stone, rock, which is the Greek translation of the Aramaic name Jesus gave him directly, Kefa.  The name Simon is the Greek form adapted to his original Hebrew name, Simeon.   The call of Jesus   It took place on a day like any other day, while Peter was doingRead MoreChristianity And The Rise Of Christianity Essay1468 Words   |  6 Pagesquestion as to how Christianity spread and to what extent did Jesus Christ and his apostles go through in order to gain followers. A major reason for the spread of Christianity was because people seeked comfort in the promise of the afterlife and found the need to preform charitable deeds euphoric. Jesus Christ founded Christianity which later on began to spread its meaning around the Roman Empire by his apostles. Jesus Christ was also born a Jew in about 7 B.C and almost all of his followers atRead More Apostle Paul Essay1212 Words   |  5 PagesChrist. The apostle Paul, who once rejected Jesus Christ, later became one of the greatest men of God. In the history of the Christian church, he was the most significant missionary. He was faithful to the Lord and preached Jesus Christ and His crucifixion. Paul was a devoted missionary and he taught the gospel wherever he visited. This character study will focus on the life of Paul as a missionary and how he changed the course of world history. Lesson One: The Background of Paul I would likeRead MoreActs of the Apostles Essay examples1496 Words   |  6 PagesActs of the Apostles Chapter 1 This chapter deals with the ascension of Jesus to heaven as witnessed by his apostles. Shortly after the ascension, the eleven apostles set forth to Jerusalem where they discussed the need to replace Judas. They proposed Joseph called Barsabbas, who was also known as Justus, and a man named Matthias. They gave lots to them and the lot fell upon Matthias, and he became the replacement for Judas. Chapter 2 The coming of the Holy Spirit appears inRead MorePauls View On The Church1480 Words   |  6 PagesPAUL S THEOLOGY ON THE CHURCH __________________ A Paper Presented to Dr. Presley Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for NTS 3213 __________________ by Jin Hyun July 27, 2015 PAULS VIEW ON THE CHURCH Apostle Paul is one of the most beloved follower and author of 14 books in the New Testament. One of the most prominent teachings of Paul is regarding on the subject of the church. Not only did he write letters to churchRead MoreEssay on The Pauline Epistles I1141 Words   |  5 PagesTimothy had not met with much success and Paul wrote this letter to further his position in the first letter and to address concerns that arose out of his previous epistles. The second Letter to the Church at Corinth is the supplement of the first. It is due to the same circumstances which called out the first, and to the effects that were produced in the church at Corinth by the receipt of the first letter. (Johnson) Biblical times were not the age of great strides in communication. Letters wereRead MoreWhy Paul Is Considered Second to Jesus in Christianity - New Testament685 Words   |  3 PagesREL 201 – Intro to the New Testament Essay 4 Explain why Paul is often considered second only to Jesus in his contribution to Christianity. To understand Paul and why he is regarded so high as to be put only second to Jesus is bewildering to some. We must first though understand Pauls’ background and his overall divine message he is trying to portray to understand why he is regarded as he is. Paul, whom was born in Cilicia, was named also Saul which means â€Å"asked for†. He was broughtRead MoreBiography Of Paul And The Reasons For His Letters1598 Words   |  7 PagesI chose to write my exegetical paper on Philippians 3:12-21. Before writing this paper I was not entirely familiar with the life of Paul and the reasons for his letters. It was an interesting study once I understood the background and reasoning for Paul’s writings. Paul wrote Philippians while in prison. His priority was always on the advancement of Christ. He was completely unconcerned about his lack of comfort or the situation he was in while in prison. His thoughts were solely on the cause of

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How The Media Portrays Prisons Into The Examination Of...

Orange is the new black is a Netflix original television show, which follows the journey and experiences in the correctional system of Piper Chapman who is played by Taylor Schilling. Chapman is a bisexual women who gets sent to Litchfield correctional Institution to serve a 15 month sentence for transporting a suitcase full of drug money to her former girlfriend Alex Vause, portrayed by Laura Prepon.Vause is an international drug smuggler and dealer. Chapman was charged with criminal conspiracy. The occurrence for this charge happened ten years prior to getting caught which gave her time to move forward in life and become a law abiding citizen in New York’s middle class. When Chapman began serving her sentence she was reunited with Vause who originally called her out in trial which resulted in her arrest. The show follows not only Chapman’s fight to survive the prison lifestyle and culture but also follows the life of other inmates and the prison guards. This essay wil l incorporate how the media portrays prisons into the examination of entering prison is experienced, prison management and prison guards. It will also provide an in depth examination on the adjustment of prison culture and prisonization. Finally, there will be an analysis done on women in prisons focusing on the different roles of inmates. Media Overview In many ways Orange is the New Black conforms to the classical views implanted in the population’s mindset by the media about prison and prison life. It isShow MoreRelatedWeek 1 Sociology Notes1548 Words   |  7 Pagesperspective and the assumptions this perspective is based on. The sociological perspective puts emphasis on the social context in which people live in and how these contexts influence their lives. At the center of this perspective is the question of how groups influence people, especially how people are influence by their society. Sociologists will look at how income, jobs, education, gender. age. and race affect people’s ideas and behavior. Summarize the main points of Karl Marx’s theory of class conflictRead MoreAlternative Learning Systems9735 Words   |  39 PagesArticles Sociology of the Prison Classroom: Marginalized Identities and Sociological Imaginations behind Bars Teaching Sociology 39(2) 165–178 Ó American Sociological Association 2011 DOI: 10.1177/0092055X11400440 http://ts.sagepub.com Kylie L. Parrotta1 and Gretchen H. Thompson1 Abstract The authors use sociology of the college classroom to analyze their experiences as feminists teaching sociology courses in the ‘‘unconventional setting’’ of prison. Reflective writing was used to chronicle experiencesRead MoreRacial Stacking in Football4286 Words   |  18 Pagespeople, they will not be dropped anytime soon as sport is an institution that is typically reluctant to change. Although it will be difficult, in order to implement change in the future we must first understand where these stereotypes came from and how they impact the institution of sport, in this case football. By analyzing the stereotypes of African Americans, Caucasians and Asians in football, society can look to try and eliminate the close mindedness of those who believe in such labels. Read MoreHegemony and Discourse : Negotiating Cultural Relationships Through Media Production8970 Words   |  36 PagesJournalism http://jou.sagepub.com/ Hegemony and discourse : Negotiating cultural relationships through media production Michael Robert Evans Journalism 2002 3: 309 DOI: 10.1177/146488490200300302 The online version of this article can be found at: http://jou.sagepub.com/content/3/3/309 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com Additional services and information for Journalism can be found at: Email Alerts: http://jou.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://jou.sagepub.com/subscriptionsRead MoreEpekto Ng Polusyon19213 Words   |  77 PagesDomestic violence: Moving On A Qualitative Investigation Exploring How women Move On From Violent Relationships Researcher: Carole Le Darcy Supervisor: Dr Sue Becker Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincerest thanks and gratitude to all of the exceptionally strong women that participated in this research that have freely given not only some of their precious and valuable time but have also revealed that which is sadly all too often concealed; the remarkable, courageous and oftenRead MoreSales and Marketing for Financial Institutions80443 Words   |  322 PagesAfter successfully completing this subject students should be able to: describe the marketing and sales functions in a financial institution design a marketing plan and sales plan for a financial institution assess different buyer behaviour models and how these relate to the various market segmentation approaches assess the different promotional and communication activities used by financial institutions to acquire customers and manage customer relationships evaluate product or service distribution channelsRead MoreAccounting Information System Chapter 1137115 Words   |  549 Pagesthan a lecture does, it drives the point home much better than a lecture would. It also keeps the students more engaged in the material. 1-2 Accounting Information Systems 1.4 How do an organization’s business processes and lines of business affect the design of its AIS? Give several examples of how differences among organizations are reflected in their AIS. An organization’s AIS must reflect its business processes and its line of business. For example:  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  · 1.5 Read MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagesamong employees. B) It has empowered consumers with easy access to information. C) It can be used as a powerful sales channel. D) It has facilitated mass marketing but not the sale of customized products. E) It enables marketers to use social media to advertise their products. Answer: D Page Ref: 14-15 Objective: 4 AACSB: Use of IT Difficulty: Easy 46) The ________ process consists of analyzing marketing opportunities, selecting target markets, designing marketing strategies, developingRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 PagesWILEY SONS, INC. VICE PRESIDENT PUBLISHER EXECUTIVE EDITOR ASSISTANT EDITOR PRODUCTION MANAGER PRODUCTION ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE MARKETING MANAGER ASSISTANT MARKETING MANAGER MARKETING ASSISTANT DESIGN DIRECTOR SENIOR DESIGNER SENIOR MEDIA EDITOR George Hoffman Lise Johnson Carissa Doshi Dorothy Sinclair Matt Winslow Amy Scholz Carly DeCandia Alana Filipovich Jeof Vita Arthur Medina Allison Morris This book was set in 10/12 New Caledonia by Aptara ®, Inc. and printed andRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesIA John Wiley Sons, Inc. Associate Publisher Executive Editor Senior Editoral Assistant Marketing Manager Marketing Assistant Production Manager Senior Production Editor Freelance Development Editor Senior Designer Interior Design Senior Media Editor Senior Photo Editor Production Management Cover Design Cover Credit George Hoffman Lise Johnson Sarah Vernon Amy Scholz Laura Finley Dorothy Sinclair Sandra Dumas Susan McLaughlin Kevin Murphy Laura Ierardi Allison Morris Hilary Newman mb

The Supreme Strategy to Nroc Camouflage Analysis Essay Samples

The Supreme Strategy to Nroc Camouflage Analysis Essay Samples Type of Nroc Camouflage Analysis Essay Samples The price is extremely crucial because if our competitors provide a really low price, it may greatly influence our sales. Once costs are minimized to draw attention. By attaining more accurate info, the pricing might be examined and adjusted to stay competitive with the more compact companies. The other problem is shortage of resources, since a lot of the time we have a tendency to have more than 1 project running at the identical time and so we have an inclination to divide each resource on a lot of other projects. Nroc Camouflage Analysis Essay Samples Can Be Fun for Everyone When collectively the new product is going to be scrutinized, collective decisions will be produced too. Macro-environment The debut of a new product on the market is the headache of every manager. In order to make the most of efficiency and profitability, a new costing method has to be imple mented immediately. Poor pricing decisions can be created by not knowing how profitable each sort of customer is. With time, brand recognition will cause greater company profitability. Future Strategy In the true competition, we'll still use the extensive differentiation strategy in the very first round. Accordingly, by distinguishing our products with better performance and size, having high awareness in the industry, and effortless accessibility, we'll acquire a competitive advantage in the industry. Though the company is seasonal and there's a chance of the left over stock used within the next season, left of inventory holding is extremely considerable issue for Northco's existence. Each remedy is described in a different paragraph. But standardization isn't to be expected. Deployment can be a rather emotional process for military families and in some instances it may some long-lasting or permanent results. You will be supplied with a quick paragraph explaining the issue. First off, an introduction is utilized to establish your principal argument about the work analyzed. If you wou ld like your thesis to be classified as a thesis and not merely a useless sentence, utilize an extremely precise tone and specific words. Second, it can be worth your time tosketch out a succinct outline of your argument. A writing service can likewise be hired to make an example document. Within the analysis, your reply to the text also needs to be presented. An overview of the work is subsequently supplied in order to provide the reader a feeling of what the text is all about. Following this, a concise overview of the work is presented so the reader, who's perhaps not acquainted with the text, will be aware of what the text is all about. By doing this, you'll have a thriving paper. I understand this could be regarded as a stretch but it's an intriguing perspective to acknowledge. This option of clothing is extremely deceiving. Defensive camouflage is an ability of specific animal species to modify their colors to coincide with the environment in order to safeguard themselves from predators. When you are finished writing, you can return and look about your results to be certain your argument and your thesis coincide. The most essential part of the paper is the thesis. Keep revising your own idea till you get original and intriguing claims which you are excited to write about. Since some students are not familiar with this kind of writing, there are papers readily available online that may be put to use as an example. University essays can be extremely academically demanding. Rather than plagiarizing the totally free content, students may seek the services of a writer or a writing service to finish their essay in their opinion. Once a student finds an absolutely free example, they can't turn it into the teacher. Searching the Web Students can easily locate an example paper by searching the web. Nroc Camouflage Analysis Essay Samples White privilege is an issue that African Americans struggle with each day. As much as men and women in the world want to remove terrorism, it has to be appreciated that it won't be simple to achieve it. Religious based groups utilize violent functions as a divine method of accomplishing their mission on earth. Consequently, black men and women become categorized as stoners and then movies like How High are made dependent on these sorts of stereotypes.

Christian Ethics free essay sample

Christian ethics are theological teachings which govern decision making and the moral position of the Church based on various sources of guidance. These are traditions, church authorities, human experience, the Natural Law, the Bible; in particular Jesus’s Commandment of love, the Beatitudes and the 10 Commandments â€Å"You shall not steal† (Ex 20:15). HISTORICAL SETTING Christian ethical teachings vary between denominations for example, the Catholic Church places particular emphasis on Natural Law and authoritative bodies. The Protestant Church turns to scripture as its main source of ethical guidance due to the belive in â€Å"sol scriptura† (salvation through scripture alone, a belief originating in the Reformation of the Church. ) Despite these differences, the Bible remains the common source of morality among all denominations. Christian environmental ethics are specifically concerned with the belief in humanity’s role as stewards of the Earth and how this role should be responsibly undertaken being a privileged bestowed by God. Prominent issues within Christian environmental ethics include Climate Change and deforestation. Climate Change is defined as a long term change in the Earth’s climate, especially a change due to an increase in the average atmospheric temperature. There are many factors believed to be contributing to Climate Change. These include an overconsumption of fossil fuels which when used emit greenhouse gases. The Church’s stance on Climate Change is that it is the result of humanity abusing the role as stewards of the Earth by taking more than they need from it. Using the words of Pope John Paul II, Climate Change is caused by modern society being given to â€Å"instant gratification and consumerism. † There are many national and international Christian initiatives which aim to address Climate Change such as Caritas Australia’s â€Å"A Just Climate† campaign. Established in 2011, this campaign aims to promote ecological sustainability to minimise the impact of Climate Change. Its focus is the poorer communities of the world, being the most vulnerable to the effect of Climate Change such as rising sea levels. Its methods include: community awareness programs and facilitating participation of poor communities in national discussions. Internationally, the Ecumenical World Council of Churches (WCE) is an example of the Christian communities response to Climate Change. It has been present since 1992 at every United Nations Climate Change Conference and is especially concerned with the effect Climate Change has on the world’s poor, promoting the concept of sustainable communities. It’s motivation lies in Genesis 2:15 in which God entrusts Adam with the Garden of Eden â€Å" the Lord God, took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to till it and keep it. † Today, humanity like Adam has the obligation to the world as responsible stewards. Using the words of Pope Benedict XVI â€Å"The wonder of God’s creation reminds us of the need to protect the environment and to exercise responsible stewardship of the goods of the Earth Deforestation is the loss of forest cover being converted into things such as agricultural land, golf courses and cattle paddocks. Consequences are wide ranging and include soil erosion, extinction of tree species as well as the endangerment or extinction of animal species which inhabit these forests. The Church’s opinion of deforestation is similar to that of Climate Change. Responsible stewardship of the land would not have caused not have caused such damage as deforestation has done. Society’s role as custodians of the land is demonstrated in the Bible by the quote â€Å"The land is mine;) with me you are but aliens and tenants† (Lev 25:23). This excerpt illustrates society’s role as caretakers of the land and that the responsibility is to preserve the world. From this and other teachings found in the Church, it can be seen that the Christian ethical stance on forestation is that taking from the Earth should not be motivated by overconsumption but by sustainability. As Pop John Paul II said â€Å"Man cannot make arbitrary use of the Earth, subjecting it without restraint to his will. † Various Christian organisations established for the protection of the environment include Catholic Earthcare Australia (CEA), founded in 2003 by Australian Catholic Bishops. Its aim is to promote understanding of the sacredness of nature and functions as an advisory agent on ecological matters for Catholic Bishops and initiating sustainability programs. An example of this is the publication of â€Å"On Holy Ground† which is a faith based program for reflecting on environmental issues created by the CEA in conjunction with the Catholic Education Office (CEO). An international example of the Church’s response to deforestation and other sustainability issues is POPPA Benedict XVI’s address at the opening mass of World Youth Day Sydney, 2008. He states â€Å"There are also scars which mark the surface of our earth: erosion, deforestation in order to face and insatiable consumption. With such a large audience the message of sustainability was spread to many countries. CONCLUSION Ethical issues are significant to the adherents of Christianity as they provide a means to living based on the teachings of Jesus who preached love and respect for God’s creation. The growing environmental concerns of Climate Change and deforestation are examples of modern society’s neglect of the Earth and, by extension their obligations to caring for it. Christian adherents are therefore called to encourage change and sustainability in the world around them.

Cognitive Development of Infants and Young Children

Question: Discuss your understanding of the physical development of children 0-8 years to present guidelines for child safety in a day care facility. Answer: Physical development of a child refers to the characteristics such as appearance, growth in size, height, body coordination and the development of fine and gross muscles. As they grow between 0-8 years, children develop motor skills such as jumping, throwing, climbing, running, skipping and kicking. It also includes body movements and body organization (Rivkin, 2006). Due to the busy schedule in todays lifestyle of most parents, day care centres have become an integral organization in the development of children. Sometimes parents; scared by the escalating cost of day care centres are forced to turn to in-home caretakers who might live down the street, watch children during the day and essentially operate their own business. However, such caretakers cannot be held to the same standard as larger operations. In choosing the appropriate day care centre for ones child, it is essential that a parent considers the day care facility that will ensure the safety of their children and not only emphasize on the cost. In the course of overseeing the physical development of a child, a day care facility should be able to ensure the safety of a child in the following ways: Toilet Training Children at a young age of 0-2 years are not able to use the toilet. It is essential for the day care to maintain the cleanliness of such a child by changing the nappy each and every time the child defecates. The child should be washed properly and immediately after changing the nappy the caretaker should wash his/her hands to avoid contamination which may lead to diseases such as diarrhoea. At an advanced stage 2-8 years, children are able to use the toilet. They should be trained on hygiene measures such as use of toilet paper and washing hands after visiting the toilet. The day care should also ensure that toilets are located away from the place where the children reside. Some children at this stage could also be introverts hence the caretaker should encourage them to speak whenever they are pressed (Bredekamp, 1986). Conducive playing environment The playing environment for the children should be clean, well ventilated, spacious, slippery free, have sufficient lighting, free of dangerous objects, well arranged and away from transport lines. Children should also be trained on first aid skills to assist them in case of injuries during play. The playing materials used by the children should be blunt, light to enable lifting, attractive, adequate and poison free (Diamond, 2011) Proper nutrition Food is essential for the health and holistic development of a child. The day care centres should give age appropriate diet to the children. For instance, parents of children below six months should be requested to bring breast milk for the children. For older children; above six months, they should be given a balance diet (Ormrod, 2013). Children should be given clean foods and encouraged to wash their hands before eating. Proper medical attention Day care facilities should advice parents on the health condition of the children. They should also ensure that the children are given medical interventions such as immunization, child monitoring and deworming. References Bredekamp, S. (1986). Developmentally appropriate practice. National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1834 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20009-5786 (NAEYC Publication# 224, $3.00. No shipping charge on pre-paid orders). Diamond, A., Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science, 333(6045), 959-964. Ormrod, J. E. (2013). Educational Psychology: Pearson New International Edition: Developing Learners. Pearson Higher EdMcDevitt, T. M., Ormrod, J. E. (2010). Child development and education. Pearson College Division. Rivkin, M. S. (2006). Moving learning TOGETHER! Scholastic Early Childhood Today, 20(6), 32-34,36. Retrieved from proquest Sep 13.

SAT Practice Essay Topics - How to Use SAT Practice Essay Topics to Your Advantage

SAT Practice Essay Topics - How to Use SAT Practice Essay Topics to Your AdvantageThe SAT practice essay is one of the most important areas to master in the prep course for the SAT. The problem with this is that not all essay topics are appropriate for each student. For instance, you can't have a great essay topic about Shakespeare if your high school English teacher doesn't like that writer. It's a bit like giving your child an ice cream.Fortunately, there are many places to find practice essays, and some of them are very helpful to the SAT prep course. The first place to start is the SAT website. Many of the practice essay topics are available as practice questions on the SAT website.When you've found a few topics, then you need to make sure that you're focusing on the same topics for the essay. Most people do not cover the same subject two or three times. For example, you may want to include a discussion of gardening in your essay topic, but it's much better to write about that to pic once or twice and then draw parallels to other areas of your life. That way you can learn to use your natural writing style and express your ideas clearly.At this point, you may want to write out your topic in full. You should consider a word count of around 100 words per paragraph. If you choose to write your essay online, consider choosing a template to help you get your text onto the right page for the math section. Make sure that your grammar and punctuation are perfect.Once you've finished your essay, submit it to a site that specializes in SAT practice essay topics. This is usually a blog or forum that focuses on SAT practice topics. Remember to limit your topics to the topics that are best for you and that you have tested yourself with. Also, make sure that your sample essay is reflective of your personality and academic abilities.While SAT practice essay topics can be helpful to the SAT prep course, there are other places that are great to hone your SAT skills. This incl udes asking questions of yourself at home. Most students love answering surveys and knowing that they have answers is helpful to them.Overall, the SAT practice essay is not the only tool you need to hone your skills. You need to include many different tools to help you reach your fullest potential.

Comp. Essay Street Car Named Desire Essays - English-language Films

Comp. Essay Street Car Named Desire Struggles Within: A Comparison of Amanad Wingfield And Blanche Dubois In todays rough and tough world, there seems to be no room for failure. The pressure to succeed in life sometimes seems unreasonable. Others often set expectations for people too high. This forces that person to develop ways to take the stress and tension out of their lives in their own individual ways. In the plays The Glass Menagerie and A Streetcar Named Desire written by Tennessee Williams, none of the characters are capable of living in the present and facing reality. Two of the characters are Amanda Wingfield and Blache Dubios. In order for these characters to deal with the problems and hardships in their lives they retreat into their own separate worlds of illusion and lies where all their pains are gone away. Amanda Wingfield is mother of Tom and Laura. She is a middle-aged southern belle whose husband has abandoned her. She spends her time reminiscing about the past and nagging her children. Amanda is completely dependent on her son Tom for finical security and holds him fully responsible for her daughter Lauras future. Amanda is obsessed with her past as she constantly reminds Tom and Laura of that one Sunday afternoon in Blue Mountain when she once received seventeen gentlemen callers (pg.32). The reader cannot even be sure that this actually happened. However, it is clear that despite its possible falsity, Amanda has come to believe it. Amanda also refuses to acknowledge that her daughter Laura is crippled and refers to her handicap as a little defecthardly noticeable (pg.45). Only for brief moments does she ever admit that her daughter is crippled and then she resorts back into to her world of denial and delusion. Amanda puts the weight of Lauras success in life on her son Toms shou lders. When Tom finally finds a man to come over to the house for diner and meet Laura, Amanda blows the situation way out of proportion. She believes that this gentlemen caller, Jim, is going to be the man to rescue Laura. When in fact neither herself nor Laura has even met this man Jim yet. She tries to explain to Laura how to entertain a gentleman caller; she says-talking about her past They knew how to entertain their gentlemen callers. It wasnt enough for a girl to be possessed of a pretty face and a graceful figure although I wasnt slighted in either respect. She also needed to have a nimble wit and a tongue to meet all occasions. (pg.33) By Amanda saying that she did not have a pretty face and a graceful figure she was waiting for a compliment from her children to feed her narcissistic and vainglorious ego. She tells Laura when Laura is nervous about the gentleman, You cant be satisfied with just sitting at home. (pg.85) When in fact, Laura was quite happy and content sittin g at home. Amanda cannot distinguish reality from illusion. When Jim arrives, Amanda is dressed in the same girlish gown she wore on the day that she met her husband and she regresses to her childish, giddy days of entertaining gentlemen callers. These actions made her life even more miserable because she realizes she chose the wrong man, a man that left her and her children to struggle through life while he went and chased his dreams. Amandas childrens fate is her own fault, her constant living in the past generates devastating consequences for her children, crippling them psychologically and seriously inhabiting their own quests for maturity and self-realization. Because Amanda lives in a fantasy world of dreamy recollections, her children cannot escape from this illusionary world either. The bottom line is that rather than deal with her distresses in life, Amanda chooses to live her life in a fabricated life of the past. Blanche Dubios the main character of the play a A Streetcar Named Desire is a neurasthenic, hypersensitive, faded southern belle who after some rough times back in her home town of Laurel moves to New Orleans to live with her sister Blanche and brother-in-law Stanley. To fully understand Blanches character you must understand her reason for moving to New Orleans and

Discover More About Sea Kelp

Discover More About Sea Kelp What is kelp? Is it different than seaweed or algae? Actually, kelp is the general term that refers to  124 species of brown algae that are in the Order Laminariales. While kelp may look like a plant, it is classified in the Kingdom Chromista. Kelp is a type of seaweed, and seaweeds are a form of sea algae. The kelp plant itself is made up of three parts: the blade (the leaf-like structure), the stipe (the stem-like structure) and the holdfast (root-like structure). The holdfast grips a substrate and anchors the kelp to keep it secure despite moving waves and currents. The Value ​of Kelp Forests Kelp grows in forests in cold waters (usually less than 68 F). Several kelp species can make up one forest, the same way that different species of trees are found in a forest on land. A multitude of marine life lives in and depends upon kelp forests such as fish, invertebrates, marine mammals, and birds. Seals and sea lions feed on kelp, while grey whales may use it to hide from hungry killer whales. Seastars, kelp crabs, and isopods also rely on the kelp as a food source.   The most well-known kelp forests are the forests of giant kelp that grow off the coast of California, which are inhabited by sea otters. These creatures eat the red sea urchins that can destroy a kelp forest if their population is not controlled. Sea otters also hide from predatory sharks in the forests, so the forest also provides a safe haven as well as a feeding habitat. Many Common Uses Kelp is not only useful to animals; it is helpful for human beings, too. In fact, you probably even had kelp in your mouth this morning! Kelp contains chemicals called alginates that are used to thicken a number of products (e.g., toothpaste, ice cream). For example,  bongo kelp  ash is loaded with alkali and iodine and is used in soap and glass. Many companies derive vitamin supplements from kelp, as it is rich in many vitamins and minerals. Alginates are also used in pharmaceutical medications. SCUBA divers and water recreationists also enjoy the kelp forests. There Are About 30 Different Species There are about 30 different species of kelp: Giant kelp, southern kelp, sugarwack, and bull kelp are just a few kinds of kelp. Giant kelp is, not surprisingly, the largest kelp species and most popular or well-known. It is capable of growing 2 feet per day in the right conditions, and up to about 200 feet in its lifetime. Threats to Vital Kelp Forests There are several things that threaten kelp production and the health of vital kelp forests. Forests can become degraded due to overfishing. This can release fish into different areas, which can cause overgrazing of the forests. With less kelp or fewer species available in a sea, it can drive out other animals that rely on the kelp forest as their ecosystem or cause other animals to eat the kelp instead of other creatures.   Water pollution and quality, as well as climate changes and introductions of invasive species, also are threats to kelp forests.

Should lethal injection be considered cruel and unusual punishment Research Paper

Should lethal injection be considered cruel and unusual punishment - Research Paper Example Lethal injection is problematic in that there are bound to be problems that might cause infliction of pain, torture and lingering death. One of the reasons for this is that the procedure was invented by an individual, Fred Leuchter, who had no medical training, and invented the method by reviewing literature on the effects that the protocol had on pigs and estimated accordingly. Although these recommendations have been discredited, they still form the basis for the protocol in â€Å"the overwhelmingly majority of states that use the death penalty† a development that caused Debra Denno, author of the most comprehensive report on death penalty protocols in the United States to state â€Å"it is not clear how or why this chemical combination has persisted† (Wong, 2006, p. 269). Another of the reasons why lethal injection may be considered to be cruel and unusual punishment is because of the way that it is carried out. Lethal injections are often botched, as there have been over 30 cases of such botched executions since the death penalty was reinstated by Gregg v. Georgia (Wong, 2006, p. 264). Specifically, medical personnel, personnel that would be trained to carry out lethal injection in such a way that it would be complication-free and painless, typically does not want to carry out the punishment. Approximately 19% of medical personnel do go ahead and do this, yet these individuals are met with opposition from medical societies (Denno, 2002, p. 2). After all, they take a Hippocratical Oath that states that they are not to do any harm, and administering lethal injection would be a direct contradiction to this basic oath. Therefore,... As a consequence of the fact that medical personnel by and large are not able to participate in lethal injection protocols, there is a chance that the official who is administering the protocol will put the intravenous line into the muscle, as opposed to a vein, or the needle may become clogged. This would cause the inmate to experience extreme pain. For example, when James Autry was put to death in Texas in 1984, it took him 10 minutes to die, while he moved around and complained of pain. Moreover, because the technicians performing the protocol are inexperienced, it is sometimes difficult to find a good vein, and this is compounded when the inmate was an intravenous drug user. Such was the case with Steven Morin in Texas, who was a former heroin user, which caused the technician to have to stick Morin’s arms with needles 41 times. Crucially, lethal injection consists of three different procedures – the first is the anesthetic; the second induces paralysis; the third causes death. The first of these procedures that is the most important is the administering of the anesthetic, for this is what causes the procedure to be pain-free. If a medical personnel is not administering the anesthetic, then it stands to reason that the anesthetic might not be administered properly, which means that the prisoner may feel excruciating pain in dying. Konarias et al. sought protocol information from Texas and Virginia, as these two states constituted 45% of all death penalty cases carried out in the United States.

The Imminet global crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Imminet global crisis - Essay Example The world now is on the verge of unprecedented fresh water crisis. This global issue is very alarming, because it affects every single aspect of our lives on Earth. The prime cases of the water crisis are the climate change, population growth and human waste. Climate change and in particular the global warming is the primary force triggering the water crisis. In his article Madrigal (2008) says that 60% of the changes in the West's water cycle are linked to the atmospheric greenhouse gases. He describes a research conducted which found that the increases in winter air temperature reduce the amount of snow which falls in the mountains. In return, the snow packs that acted as water storage provide less water as they melt in the spring. Furthermore, human activity can lead to the global warming too. Burning of fossil fuels are blamed for the melting of glaciers and leaving less drinkable water and less water for crop irrigation. Population growth requires more fresh water for the basic needs of food production. According to the Population Reports (1998) the increase in population "alone will push an estimated 17 more countries, with a projected population of 2.1 billion, into these water-short categories within the next 30 years (69)." By the year 2025, 35% of the projected global population which will account to 2.8 billion people will be affected by the water scarcity (1998 135).

Implementing Strategic Decisions and Analysing Effects

Implementing Strategic Decisions and Analysing Effects Although formulating a consistent strategy is a difficult task for any management team, making that strategy work implementing it throughout the organization is even more difficult (Hrebiniak, 2006). A myriad of factors can potentially affect the process by which strategic plans are turned into organizational action. Unlike strategy formulation, strategy implementation is often seen as something of a craft, rather than a science, and its research history has previously been described as fragmented and eclectic (Noble, 1999b). It is thus not surprising that, after a comprehensive strategy or single strategic decision has been formulated, significant difficulties usually arise during the subsequent implementation process. The best-formulated strategies may fail to produce superior performance for the firm if they are not successfully implemented, as Noble (1999b) notes. Results from several surveys have confirmed this view: An Economist survey found that a discouraging 57 percent of firms were unsuccessful at executing strategic initiatives over the past three years, according to a survey of 276 senior operating executives in 2004 (Allio, 2005). According to the White Paper of Strategy Implementation of Chinese Corporations in 2006, strategy implementation has become the most significant management challenge which all kinds of corporations face at the moment. The survey reported in that white paper indicates that 83 percent of the surveyed companies failed to implement their strategy smoothly, and only 17 percent felt that they had a consistent strategy implementation process. Modern organizations operate in an increasingly complex environment and the magnitude of the consequences of decisions at the strategic level demands high quality responses from the management. The ever-changing and turbulent internal and external environments of the organization demands extreme sensitivity from the management in their reactions towards change. This often requires rapid response and the consequence of one course of action could be dramatically different from an alternative course of action. Strategic decisions are a reflection of the a ttitude, values and expectations of the decision-makers at the top level. They have a long term effect on the direction and future activity of the organization, and have resource implications, affecting decisions at the lower levels and initiating a wave of other, often lesser decisions (Hickson et al. 1986). The uncertainties and complexities of strategic decisions direct the decision makers to reduce the infinitely large problem into a manageable one. This conversion to a manageable model of reality inherently involves a great number of assumptions, many of which rely on the judgement of the decision maker. But the scale of the complexity and variety of variables surrounding the decision is such that some of the assumptions are ill-defined and possibly wrong. To combat these problems the managers categorize the uncertain decisions into a number of criteria: Laplace, insufficient reason to believe otherwise; Minimax, making the best out of worst possible conditions; Maximax, the best out of the best alternatives; Savage, the best of the regrets for not taking the right actions; and Hurwicz, giving a range of attitudes from optimistic to most pessimistic (Turban 1993). The choice of the approach is linked to decision-makers conservatism. This question is crucial since decisions, especially those of a strategic nature, tend to have widespread effects on organizational members, processes, and structure. This paper is concerned with one foundation of strategic decision making: More specifically, we aim to empirically address the why, what, how and where of this process. Thus, we conceive a firms external environment to be a source of information (Aldrich and Mindlin, 1978) but also its internal environment, sometimes referred to as invironment. To scan the environment in order to make better-informed decisions (Choo, 1996) is an important task on the corporate agenda. Environmental scanning, whether or not it is referred to as such (Frishammar, 2002), may be defined as the activity of acquiring information (Aguilar, 1967, p. 1) and is the method by which managers perceive events and trends (Hambrick, 1982). Acquiring information is imperative in ascertaining environmental change and has implications for strategic decision making (Lozada and Calantone, 1997). In this study, strategic decisions are concerned with long-term direction and are normally about trying to achieve some advanta ge for an organization (Johnson and Scholes, 1999). A decision is, in accordance with Mintzberg et al. (1976), defined as a set of actions and dynamic factors beginning with the identification of a stimulus for action and ending with a specific commitment to action. Strategic simply means important, in terms of the actions taken, the resources committed, or the precedents set (Mintzberg et al., 1976). Formulating strategy is difficult. Making strategy work executing or implementing it throughout the organization is even more difficult. Thompson Strickland (2003) have stressed that the strategy-implementing/strategy-executing task is the most complicated and time-consuming part of strategic management (cited in Schaap, 2006). CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Strategic Decision Making By definition, decision making is the process through which managers identify organizational problems and attempt to resolve them (Bartol Martin, 1994). Crook, Ketchen, and Snow (2003) stated that the purpose of strategic management research is to help find ways to improve their performance. Further, strategic decision makings are those that determine the overall direction of an enterprise and its ultimate viability in light of the predictable, the unpredictable, and the unknowable changes that may occur in its most important surrounding environments. They ultimately shape the true goals of the enterprise (Mintzberg Quian, 1991). Pearce and Robinson (1997) underlined the characteristics of strategic decision making as corporate level decisions (greater risk, cost, profit potential; greater need for flexibility and longer time horizons), functional level decisions (implement the overall strategy formulated at the corporate and business levels), action oriented operational issues; sh ort range and low risk. Modest cost; dependent on available resources, and business level decision (bridge decisions at the corporate and functional levels; which is less risky, costly, and potential profitable than corporate level decisions, but more risky, costly, and potentially profitable then functional level decisions). Tatum et al. (2003) stated that managers make day-to-day decisions, or resolve immediate problems. They also elaborated that managers have different decision styles due to the amount of information, number of alternatives, and attempt to integrate and coordinate multiple sources of input. Vroom (2003) in his study quoted Nutt (2002) on a study of 400 decisions that had been made by managers in medium to large organizations in the USA, Canada and Europe. Surprisingly, half of the decisions failed; either never implemented or subsequently unraveled during the two-year observation period. Nutt (2002, in Vroom, 2003) stated that effective decision making is not merely a matter of decision quality but also of ensuring that the decision will have the necessary support and commitment for its effective implementation. Nevertheless, all strategic decision making must go through the decision making process in order for managers to come up with a good decision. 2.2 Decision Making Process Decision makers and managers need to allow themselves to be in the process of decision making. This decision making process will give the opportunity to decision makers and managers to come up with the alternatives, evaluate each alternatives, and select the best alternative or solution to the problem. Decision making process comprise of the steps the decision maker has to arrive at his choice. The process a manager uses to make decisions has a significant impact on the quality of those decisions (Certo, 2003). Moreover, Provan (1989) stated that people who participate in the strategic decision making process are at a high level in their organization, are competent, and are reasonably intelligent and articulate. Strategic decision making process can be and is influenced by those major groups in the organization that are most powerful and that a rational consideration of external environmental factors may have little direct impact on how strategies are actually formulated and implemen ted (Provan, 1989). Basi (1988) stated that type of decision is a function of administrative level, and the style is a function of organizational culture. Administrative level is classified as institutional or executive or upper level, organizational or managerial or middle level, and technical or lower level. Meanwhile organizational culture is known as paternalistic, bureaucratic, and synergistic. Meanwhile, Nutt (1976) indicated in his study on the decision making models. He discussed 6 models of decision making of which bureaucratic model, normative decision theory, behavioral decision theory, group decision making, equilibrium-conflict resolution, and open system decision making. Nutt (1976) also discussed on the limits and ways to select the appropriate model for decision making for organization. As such organizations perform unique functions; the levels identified were technological or primary level, managerial level, and institutional level. Thus, factors which characterize the decision making e nvironment will stipulate the appropriate model that can be optimally used (Nutt, 1976). 2.3 Approaches to Strategy Implementation There are different factors that affect strategy implementation. These factors can be divided into soft, hard, and mixed factors. Soft factors (or people-oriented factors) include the people or executors of the strategy, the communication activities (content and style issues) as well as the closely related implementation tactics, the consensus about and commitment to the strategy, while the hard (or institutional) factors include the organizational structure, the administrative systems. The way in which the strategy was developed and articulated (strategy formulation) contains hard and soft factors alike and is thus considered a mixed factor. Relationships among different units/departments and different strategy levels also is treated as a mixed factor. In the following paragraphs we discuss these factors and how they affect strategic implementation of decisions. 2.3.1 Strategy Formulation It is clear that a poor or vague strategy can limit implementation efforts dramatically. Good execution cannot overcome the shortcomings of a bad strategy or a poor strategic planning effort (Hrebiniak, 2006). Several studies mention the fact that the kind of strategy that is developed (Alexander, 1985; Allio, 2005) and the actual process of strategy formulation, namely, how a strategy is developed (Kim Mauborgne, 1991, 1993; Singh, 1998) will influence the effect of implementation. Alexander (1985) believes that the need to start with a formulated strategy that involves a good idea or concept is mentioned most often in helping promote successful implementation. As Allio (2005) notes, good implementation naturally starts with good strategic input: the soup is only as good as the ingredients (Allio, 2005). Whether a strategy itself is consistent and fitting or not is a key question for successful strategy implementation, but even a consistent strategy cannot be all things to all peop le. Bantel (1997) suggests that particular product/market strategies are effective at achieving particular performance goals to the exclusion of others. One of his conclusions is that synergies between strategy types and implementation. 2.3.2 Relationships among Different Units/Departments and Different Strategy Levels Several studies treat institutional relationships among different units/ departments and different strategy levels as a significant factor that affects the outcome of strategy implementation (Walker Ruekert, 1987; Gupta, 1987; Slater Olson, 2001; Chimhanzi, 2004; Chimhanzi Morgan, 2005). Walker Ruekert (1987) divide business strategy behaviors into three types: prospectors, differentiated defenders and low cost defenders. These distinctions are based on the strategy categories introduced by Miles Snow (1978; prospectors, defenders, analyzers, reactors) and by Porter (1980; overall cost leadership, differentiation and focus). Walker Ruekert stipulate that corporate-business unit relationships, inter-functional structures and processes, marketing policies and processes may all significantly influence business strategy implementation. Three aspects of the corporate-business unit relationship are especially likely to affect a units success in implementing a particular strategy: bus iness unit autonomy, sharing programs and synergies across SBUs, as well as control and reward systems. In addition, functional competencies, allocation of resources, decision-making participation and influence, inter-functional conflict and coordination may have vastly different effects on the implementation of different kinds of strategies. Walker and Ruekert also assume that decision-making and coordination structures in the marketing department, and marketing policies and programs within the business unit, affect the performance of different business strategies in different ways. Chimhanzi (2004) suggests that cross-unit working relationships have a key role to play in the successful implementation of marketing decisions. Implementation effectiveness is affected negatively by conflict and positively by communication and specifically, interpersonal, not written. In turn, these interdepartmental dynamics are affected by senior management support, joint reward systems, and informal integration. Chimhanzi (2004) also points out that the marketing and RD interface remains the most extensively researched dyad within the specific context of the new product development (NPD) process. Chimhanzi provides a multitude of references to such studies in his 2004 article. Other relationships that have received empirical attention, albeit to a lesser extent, include marketing, and accounting, finance, manufacturing, engineering, quality, and sales. There are also those studies, according to Chimhanzi, that have not focused on dyadic and multiple relations, but rather on marke ting as the only one of many departments within a network of relationships. Chimhanzi Morgans (2005) findings indicate that firms devoting attention to the alignment of marketing and human resources are able to realize significantly greater successes in their strategy implementation. Specifically, these findings imply that marketing managers should seek to improve the relationship with their HR colleagues by emphasizing two of the process-based dimensions: joint reward systems and written communication. 2.3.3 Executors Executors are comprised of top management, middle management, lower management and non-management. Effectiveness of strategy implementation is, at least in part, affected by the quality of people involved in the process (Govindarajan, 1989). Here, quality refers to skills, attitudes, capabilities, experiences and other characteristics of people required by a specific task or position (Peng Litteljohn, 2001). Viseras, Baines, and Sweeney (2005) group 36 key success factors into three research categories: people, organization, systems in the manufacturing environment. Their intriguing findings indicate that strategy implementation success depends crucially on the human or people side of project management, and less on organization and systems related factors. Similarly, Harrington (2006) finds that a higher level in total organizational involvement during strategy implementation had positive effects on the level of implementation success, firm profits and overall firm success. Next to these overall findings regarding the who of strategy implementation, we will now review the individual groups of strategy executors at different hierarchical levels. 2.3.3.1 Top management Top management refers to senior-level leaders including presidents, owners, and other high ranking executives (CEO, CFO, COO etc.) and senior-level managers. Several researchers have emphasized the effect of top management on strategic decision implementation (Hrebiniak Snow, 1982; Smith Kofron, 1996; Schmidt Brauer, 2006; Schaap, 2006). Most of them point out the important figurehead role of top management in the process of strategy implementation. Schmidt and Brauer (2006), for example, take the board as one of the key subjects of strategy implementation and discuss how to assess board effectiveness in guiding strategy execution and decision making. Hrebiniak and Snow (1982) find that the process of interaction and participation among the top management team typically leads to greater commitment to the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s goals and strategies. This, in turn, serves to ensure the successful implementation of the firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s chosen strategy (cited in Dess Priem, 1995). Smith and Kofron (1996) believe that top managers play a critical role in the implementation not just the formulation of strategy. 2.3.3.2 Middle management We can divide the viewpoints and approaches regarding middle managements effect on strategy implementation into three categories: The first one emphasizes the match of strategy and middle managers leadership style (Gupta Govindarajan, 1984; Guth MacMillan, 1986; Govindarajan, 1989; Judge Stahl, 1995; Heracleous, 2000). This viewpoint assumes that personality is the primary determinant of strategy implementation actions. The second perspective considers the effect of context on behavior (Waldersee Sheather, 1996). The third one analyzes the impact of relationships between top management and middle management on strategy implementation (Wooldridge Floyd, 1990, 1992b, 1997; Qi, 2005). There are also studies that have examined the ambiguous relationships between top management and middle management in the context of strategy implementation: On the one hand, middle managers expect direction and support from their top management. If they receive this guidance, then they will provide s upport for the strategy in return. One of the key factors determining their level of support is their demographic situation (such as age, gender, educational background, and business experience) (Qi, 2005). On the other hand, top management should expect middle-level managers to question strategic decisions (Wooldridge Floyd, 1990). Middle managers expect top management direction, but frequently feel that they are in a better position to start and evaluate alternative courses of action. Wooldridge Floyd (1992b) consequently classify middle management involvement in strategy into four types: championing alternatives, synthesizing information, facilitating adaptability and implementing deliberate strategy. The first two represent upward forms of involvement, while the last two are downward forms. Floyd Wooldridge (1997) investigate the relationships between middle managersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ formal position, their strategic influence and organizational performance. 2.3.3.3 Lower management and non-management Unfortunately, few authors study the impact of lower management and non-management on strategy implementation. Gronroos (1985) believes that an organization must first persuade its employees about the importance of the strategy before turning to customers (cited in: Rapert Lynch Suter, 1996). Alexander (1985) suggests that there are many problems which over half of the corporations experienced frequently, such as the involved employees have insufficient capabilities to perform their jobs, lower-level employees are inadequately trained, and departmental managers provide inadequate leadership and direction. These three are the most frequent strategy implementation problems in relation to human resource. Line-level employees may use delay or prevent attempts toward change that they find particularly threatening or disagreeable. Nutt (1986) suggests that managerial tactics and leadership style can play a crucial role in overcoming the lower-level obstructionism that is prevalent (to so me degree) in many implementation efforts. Strategic decisions are nevertheless formulated by senior-level managers of the firm and then administratively imposed on lower-level management and non-management employees with little consideration of the resulting functional-level perceptions (Nutt, 1987). If lower-level management and non- management personnel are not aware of the same information, or if information must pass through several (management) layers in the organization, consensus regarding that information may never come about. Thus, the lack of shared knowledge with lower-level management and non-management employees creates a barrier to successful strategy implementation (Noble, 1999b). 2.3.4 Communication Forman and Argenti (2005) rightly note that, although an entire discipline is devoted to the study of organizational strategy, including strategy implementation; little attention has been given to the links between communication and strategy. But Forman and Argenti also note that business communication researchers have become increasingly interested in the contribution of corporate communication to a companys ability to create and disseminate its strategy in the last decade. However, very few authors have investigated the link between corporate communication and strategy, and when they have their focus has primarily been on how corporate communication affects the firms relationship with its various stakeholders. At least, numerous researchers have already emphasized the importance of communication for the process of strategy implementation (Alexander, 1985; Rapert Wren, 1998; Peng Litteljohn, 2001; Heide Grà ¸nhaug Johannessen, 2002; Rapert Velliquette Garretson, 2002; Forma n Argenti, 2005; Schaap, 2006). Rapert and Wren (1998) find that organizations where employees have easy access to management through open and supportive communication climates tend to outperform those with more restrictive communication environments. 2.3.5 Implementation tactics Bourgeois à Ã‚ ¨ and Brodwin (1984) examine five process approaches used to advance strategy implementation: Commander model, Change model, Collaborative model, Cultural model, Crescive model. The first approach addresses strategic position only, and should guide the CEO in charting a firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s future. The CEO can use economic and competitive analyses to plan resource allocations to achieve his goals. The change model emphasizes how the organizational structure, incentive compensation, control systems and so forth can be used to facilitate the implementation of a strategy. The collaborative model concentrates on group decision-making at a senior level and involves top management in the formulation process to ensure commitment. The fourth approach tries to implement strategy through the use of a corporate culture. The final approach draws on managersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ inclinations to want to develop new opportunities as see them in the course of their day-to-day management. The first three models assume implementation as after-the-fact. This implies that the number of strategy developers is few and that the rest of the organization is somehow manipulated or cajoled into implementation. For the latter two models, most of the energy is used for strategy formulation and the strategy requires relatively little effort in its implementation. Lehner (2004) takes implementation tactics as genuine organizational behavior based on the assumption that implementation in general is dependent on the environment, and various strategic and organizational variables. 2.3.6 Consensus Many authors focus on the role of consensus for strategy implementation (Nielsen, 1983; Floyd Wooldridge, 1992a; Dess Priem, 1995; Rapert Lynch Suter, 1996; Noble, 1999b; Dooley Fryxell Judge, 2000). Nielsen (1983) contends that firms must achieve consensus both within and outside their organization in order to successfully implement business strategies (Noble, 1999b). The consensus about a companys strategy may differ across levels: If members of the organization are not aware of the same information, or if information passes through different layers in an organization, a lower level of consensus may result. This lack of shared understanding may create obstacles to successful strategy implementation (Noble, 1999b). Floyd and Wooldridge (1992a) label the gulf between strategies conceived by top management and awareness at lower levels as implementation gap. They define strategic consensus as the agreement among top, middle-, and operating-level managers on the fundamental priorities of the organization. Consensus, in their approach, has four levels: strong consensus, blind devotion, informed skepticism and weak consensus. Floyd and Wooldridge argue that strong consensus exists when managers have both, a common understanding of, and a common commitment to their strategy. If, however, managers are committed to something, but do not share an understanding what that something is (they are well-intentioned but ill-informed) blind devotion is the likely result. If, by contrast, managers share an understanding of their strategy, but are not really committed to it, they are well informed yet unwilling to act. Floyd and Wooldridge call this realistic condition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾informed skepticismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸. Of course when neither shared understanding nor commitment is high, weak consensus is the likely result. Improving understanding and commitment can close this dangerous implementation gap. 2.3.7 Commitment Shared understanding without commitment may result in counter effort and negatively affect performance (Wooldridge Floyd, 1989, cited in Rapert, Lynch and Suter, 1996). Some authors take shared understanding as a commitment. MacMillan Guth (1985) and McDermott Boyer (1999) all think that the shared understanding of middle management and those at the operational level to the top management teams strategic goals is of critical importance to effective implementation (Rapert Velliquette Garretson, 2002). Strategy implementation efforts may fail if the strategy does not enjoy support and commitment by the majority of employees and middle management. This may be the case if they were not consulted during the development phase (Heracleous, 2000). Alexander (1985) thinks obtaining employee commitment and involvement can promote successful strategy implementation Some CEOs believe that one way to accomplish this is to involve employees and managers right from the start in the strategy fo rmulation process. Involvement and commitment should also be developed and maintained throughout the implementation process. If middle and lower level managers and key subordinates are permitted to be involved with the detailed implementation planning, their commitment will be likely to increase. 2.3.8 Organizational Structure Factors relating to the organizational structure are the second most important implementation barrier according to Heide Gronhaug Johannessenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s (2002) study. Drazin and Howard (1984) see a proper strategy-structure alignment as a necessary precursor to the successful implementation of new business strategies (Noble, 1999b). They point out that changes in the competitive environment require adjustments to the organizational structure. If a firm lags in making this realignment, is may exhibit poor performance and be at a serious competitive disadvantage. Gupta (1987) examines the relationships between SBUs strategies, aspects of the corporate-SBU relationship, and implementation and finds that structures that are more decentralized produce higher levels of SBU effectiveness, regardless of the strategic context. Schaap (2006) also suggests that adjusting organizational structure according to perfect strategy can ensure successful strategy implementation. 2.4 Decision Support Systems So and Smith (2003) stated that a major component of any information system is the individuals that supply, manipulate, access and rely on the system. Individuals information needs and requirements for decision making are the reasons information systems exist. Bounds, Dobbins, and Fowler (1995) defined decision support systems (DSS) as information systems that use decision rules, decision models, a comprehensive database, and the decision makers own insights in an interactive computer-based process to assist in making specific decisions. Pourvakhshouri and Mansor (2003) stated DSS is a well established area of information system applications, which assists the decision makers to derive an in-time, efficient solution. A DSS may also be defined as an integrated, interactive and flexible computer system that supports all phases of decision making with a user-friendly interface, data and expert knowledge (Fabbri, 1998 in Pourvakhshouri Mansor, 2003). Majchrzak and Gasser (2000) indicate d that TOP-MODELER can help managers in overcoming the burden of strategic decision making in their daily business operations. The system also assists the managers to understand their organization structure in gaining closest relationship possible. Ulvila and Brown (1991) stated that decision tree analysis is the oldest and most widely used form of decision analysis. Managers have used it in making business decisions. On the other hand, Heenan and Addleman (1991) proposed that mangers to use multivariate analysis (MVA), the quantitative methods can help to evaluate the complex and intangible factors that influence consumers. Moreover, MVA had been used for application to business problems in consumer packaged goods and services sector. 2.5 Decision Approach Decision making style of managers can be classified based on their approach towards the problem that they tried to solve. Barton and Martin (1994) stated that various models of decision style being adopted such as rational model, non-rational model, satisficing model, incremental model, and garbage-can model. Basically, these models are based on the individual managers perspective toward decision making. First, rational model suggested that managers engage in completely rational decision processes, ultimately make optimal decision, and possess and understand all information relevant to their decisions at the time they make them. Second, non-rational model suggests that information-gathering and -processing limitations make it difficult for managers to make optimal decisions. Third, satisficing model suggests that managers seek alternatives only until they find one that looks satisfactory, rather than seeking the optimal decision. Fourth, incremental model stated that managers make th e smallest response possible that will reduce the problem to at least a tolerable level. Finally, garbage-can model stated that managers behave in virtually a random pattern in making non programmed decisions. Basi (1988) identified that decision style is influenced by organizational culture; which will lead to decision making. So and Smith (2003) indicated that differences in decision makers cognitive styles, cognitive abilities and personality are important factors in decision making and performance. Further, the Myers-Briggs type indicator (MBTI) (Myers and McCaulley, 1985 in So and Smith, 2003) is used to determine cognitive styles along two basic dimensions, perception (information acquisition), and judgment (data processing and evaluation). MBTI categorizes individuals as sensors or intuitors in the perception dimension; and MBTI classifies individuals as thinking or feeling types in judgment dimension. Rausch (2003) indicated that managers leadership roles need to consider 8 suggested questions as they develop a plan, solve a problem, meet a cha